12 Hhd Old/New Public Health Flashcards
Old Public Health
government actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease, such as providing safe water, sanitation and sewage disposal, improved nutrition, improved housing conditions and better work conditions.
New Public Health
an approach to health that considers the ways in which physical, sociocultural and political environments impact on health. It was a result of an increased awareness of lifestyle factors that influence our health and the need to have equity in access to resources.
Social model of health
an approach that recognises improvements in health and wellbeing can only be achieved by directing effort towards addressing the physical, sociocultural and political environments of health that have an impact on individuals and population groups
Biomedical model of health
Focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. It is a medical model of care practised by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, cure and treatment of disease.
Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
An approach to health development by the World Health Organization which attempts to reduce inequalities in health. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion was developed from the social model of health and defines health promotion as 'the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health' (WHO 1998). The Ottawa Charter identifies three basic strategies for health promotion, which are enabling, mediating, and advocacy.
Principles of the social model of health
- Addresses the broader determinants of health- Involves intersectoral collaboration- Acts to reduce social inequities- Acts to enable access to health care- Empowers individuals and communities
Addresses the broader determinants of health
Moves beyond just focusing on behavioural and biological determinants to also address the broader social and environmental determinants that contribute to poor health. Factors such as culture, socio-economic status, social support and geographical location are linked to health outcomes.
Involves intersectoral collaboration
having groups from many sectors such as government, health and the private sector working together to achieve a common goal of improving health status
Acts to reduce social inequities
Involves targeting those who experience barriers to improving their health such as those from low socioeconomic status, people living in rural locations, males and Indigenous groups. Focusing on the social determinants that influence their health like SES, social exclusion, access to health care and unemployment.
Empowers individuals and communities
Providing individuals and communities with the resources they need to improve their health knowledge and skills so they can be more effectviely involved in the decisions affecting their lives.
Acts to enable access to healthcare
addressing factors such as cultural and language barriers, economic and gepgraphical factors to increase the ability for someone to obtain existing health care resources
Advantages of the social model of health
- focuses on vulnerable population groups- Promotes good health and wellbeing - Education can be passed on from generation- relatively inexpensive
Disadvantages of the social model of health
- Not every condition can be prevented - It does not promote the development of technology and medical knowledge - It does not address the health concerns of individuals - Health promotion messages may be ignored
Advantages of the biomedical model of health
- It creates advances in technology and research- It enables many common problems to be effectively treated- It extends life expectancy- It improves quality of life
Disadvantages of the biomedical model of health
-Affordability - expensive-Focuses on the disease itself & not the determinants that contribute to disease, does not focus on prevention.-Not every condition can be treated.-It focuses on individuals with the disease, not the whole population.
Ottawa Charter basic strategies
Enable - enable equal opportunity to access healthcareMediate - coordinated action by all government, health, social economic sectors, non-government, voluntary organisations, local authorities, mediaAdvocate - actions that seek to gain support from governments and societies to make changes to improve determinants for all
Prerequisites for health (Ottawa charter)
PeaceShelterEducationFoodIncomeStable ecosystemSustainable resourcesSocial justice and equity
Five action areas (elements) of the Ottawa charter
Build healthy public policyCreate supportive environmentsStrengthen community actionDevelop personal skillsReorientate health services
Build healthy public policy - Ottawa Charter
Includes changes in policy that will help to make healthier choices the easier choices and contribute to healthier, safer, cleaner and more enjoyable services and environments.
Create supportive environment - Ottawa Charter
Involves building links between individualds and their environments through taking care of one another, communities and natural resources. Promotes environments that encourage safe, stimulating and enjoyable living and working conditions so individuals can reach their full potential.
Strengthen community actions - Ottawa charter
Requires communities working together to set priorities, make decisions, and plan and implement strategies that will help them achieve better health. Health promotion strategies that focus on community action leads to empowerment of that community and improved outcomes as a result of the ownership of their strategies, the social support and public participation.
Develop personal skills - Ottawa Charter
Involves an individual gaining life skills and information through health promotion and education and is the desired outcome of many health promotion programs. These skills and knowledge should be gained and supported at home, in school, at work and in other community settings to enable the individual to make choices that will enhance their health and to take control over their own health.
Reorient health services - Ottawa Charter
Making changes to health care that it promotes health as opposed to only focussing on diagnosing and treating illness. The responsibility for reorienting health is shared amongst individuals, the community, health professionals, government, health service institutions and other organisations.
Health promotion
Is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health. Health is therefore seen as a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living.
Public health
the organised response by society and governments to protect and promote the health and wellbeing of communities, and to prevent illness ,injury and disability through education, policy making and research.