Ap Computer Science Principles Review Flashcards

The Internet

A collection of networks or network of networks, hierarchical, redundant

End-to-end architecture

In a network, the end nodes (server and client) provide the functionalities. The routers, etc. (intermediaries) only move the bits.

Devices

A thing made or adapted for a particular purpose, especially a piece of mechanical or electronic equipment

Network(s)

A group of connected devices connected by cable, wi-fi, or satellite

Internet Protocol (IP)

Set of rules governing format of data sent over the Internet.

Domain Name System (DNS)

The protocol for translating between domain names and IP addresses (converts web addresses into IP addresses)

IP address(es)

A unique string of numbers separated by periods that identifies each computer using the Internet Protocol to communicate over a network. Hierarchial

IPv6

New IP address system, will provide 2^128 (about an undecillion) addresses. 128 bits for each address

IPv4

Old IP address system, 2^32 addresses (about 4 billion)

HTTP/HTTPS

Hypertext Transfer Protocol. A conventional set of communication rules for controlling how Web browsers and servers pass information back and forth over the Internet.

SMTP

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, protocol for email transmission

IETF

Internet Engineering Task Force, group of volunteers, defines standard Internet operating protocols such as TCP/IP.

Hierarchy

Arranged in an order. Examples: IPv4-Domain, sub-domain, host; DNS-root domain, domain, subdomain; the Internet is hierarcial

Redundancy

Duplication of critical components in case some part goes down. Example: the Internet has many paths between networks

Routing

Routers send packets (~1500 bytes) as they see fit.

Reliability

The extent to which we can depend on something to work

Interfaces

shared boundary over which information is shared

Open Standards

standards made available to the general public, non-proprietary protocols or specifications

Packet Switching

group data into packets for transmission

TCP/IP

Basic communication protocol of the Internet

Browser

software for presenting Web content (Chrome, Internet Explorer, etc.)

SSL/TLS

Cryptographic protocols for communications security

Bandwidth

The amount of data that can be transmitted in a fixed amount of time

Latency

How much time it takes for a packet to get from one point to another point

Trust model

used to determine security strength of your data in the cloud for example

Cybersecurity

protecting networks, computers, etc. from attack

Cyber warfare

the use of computer technology to disrupt the activities of a state or organization, especially the deliberate attacking of information systems for strategic or military purposes.

cybercrime

criminal activities carried out by means of computers or the Internet.

DDoS

Distributed Denial of Service, multiple systems flood the bandwidth causing it to run extremely slow or completely shut down

Phishing

sending fraudulent emails in order to induce individuals to reveal information

Viruses

malicious software program that replicates

Firewall

software that blocks unauthorized access

Cryptography

a method of storing and transmitting data in a particular form so that only those for whom it is intended can read and process it. Examples: Caesar's, Vigenere's, One Time pads

Symmetric Encryption

private key, uses a singular encryption key (Caesar's, Vigenere's, One Time pads)

Asymmetric Encryption

Modern public key encryption, makes online secure transactions possible

Certificate Authorities

Who you purchase digital certificates from

Digital Certificates

Verifies that a user sending a message is who he or she claims to be

Computing Innovations

Technology the adds to previously existing technology in order to improve it

Email

messages distributed by electronic means from one computer user to one or more recipients via a network.

Cloud computing

use of remote servers to store, manage, and process data

Global positioning system, a radio navigation system that allows land, sea, and airborne users to determine their exact location, velocity, and time 24 hours a day, in all weather conditions, anywhere in the world

Sensor Networks

networks of sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions

"smart"

performs many of the functions of a computer, typically having a touchscreen interface, Internet access, and an operating system capable of running downloaded applications

Assistive technology

Assistive, adaptive, rehabilitative devices for people with disabilites

Internet vs WWW

Internet is a collection of networks, WWW is a collection of HTML documents

e-commerce

commercial transactions conducted electronically on the Internet

Citizen science

involving the public in scientific research

Distributed Solutions

A distributed approach to computing systems

Human-Based Computation

a computer science technique in which a machine performs its function by outsourcing certain steps to humans, usually as microwork

Crowdsourcing

obtaining information by enlisting the service of a large group of people

Mobile computing

Transmission of data without needing a physical link

Machine learning

computers with the ability to learn

Data mining

examining large databases in order to generate new information

Scientific computing

advanced computing capabilities to solve complex problems

Open access; creative commons

availability to all

Moore's law

processing power seems to double every two years

authenticated

credentials are checked

download

copy (data) from one computer system to another, typically over the Internet

streaming

a method of transmitting or receiving data (especially video and audio material) over a computer network as a steady, continuous flow, allowing playback to proceed while subsequent data is being received

peer-to-peer networks

a network of computers configured to allow file sharing

Internet censorship

the control or suppression of what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the Internet enacted by regulators, or on their own initiative

open source software

copyright holder provides the rights to study, change, and distribute software

Data aggregation

any process in which information is gathered and expressed in a summary form, for purposes such as statistical analysis. A common aggregation purpose is to get more information about particular groups based on specific variables such as age, profession, or income.

Proxy servers

software that acts as an intermediary between a computer and another server

Target advertising

Like what we experience when we surf the web

copyright

the exclusive legal right, given to an originator or an assignee to print, publish, perform, film, or record literary, artistic, or musical material, and to authorize others to do the same

Digital Millennium Copyright Act

a 1998 US law intended to update copyright law for electronic commerce and electronic content providers. It criminalizes the circumvention of electronic and digital copyright protection systems

Digital divide

the gulf between those who have ready access to Internet and those who don't

socioeconomic

social and economic factors that affect a person's abilities to "get ahead"

infrastructure

the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise

commercial

activities of business, industry, and trade

creative development

The process of developing creative abilities through exploration, decision making, and expression

computational artifact

anything created by a human using a computer. An artifact can be, but is not limited to, a program, image, audio, video, presentation, or web page file

Computing tools/techniques

A program used for software development or system maintenance. Virtually any program or utility that helps programmers or users develop applications or maintain their computers can be called a tool

abstraction

suppressing the more complex details below the current level

digital data

data stored fundamentally as bits

bit

basic unit of information, 1 & 0, on & off

number bases

binary, decimal, hexadecimal, etc.

binary sequences

0s and 1s, example: 1101=13

programming languages

a formal computer language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer; high and low levels

real numbers (floating-point)

representation of decimals

software

the programs and other operating information used by a computer

Levels of abstractions

Internet languages, blocks that call blocks, high level programming languages vs low level programming languages

low level programming languages

machine language, assembly language

high level programming languages

Java, JavaScript, Snap, Python

Binary data

two possible states: 0, 1

Boolean function

functions that report true or false

logic gate

an "or" or "and" gate

chip (as an abstraction)

small piece of semi-conducting material

hardware

physical components of computers

Data vs Information

Information provides context for data

iterative

involving repetition; looping

Filter

remove redundant or unwanted information

clustering

grouping similar information

data classification

organizing data into categories

patterns

finding links between variables

visualization(s)

data in a graphical format examples: Baby Name Voyager, Gap Minder

Extract(ing)

retrieving data from data sources

trend

a pattern; trend analysis is attempting to spot a pattern

search tools

search engines like Google, subject directions

Filter systems (filter tools)

used to extract a subset of data

metadata

data about data; example: memory size of an image

data file formats

how the bits are encoded; .jpg, . xml, .png

lossless data compression

original data can be perfectly reconstructred like zip files

storage media

USBs, solid state hard drives, dvds, etc.

privacy concerns

the concern that your information is being seen even when you don't want it to be

security concerns

the concern that your devices aren't safe and secure and your information could be compromised

Algorithm

sequence of actions to be performed

sequencing

creating the order of actions

boolean condition

compare two values and report true or false

selection

a decision; if, if-else

iteration

repetition/looping

run time

time required to execute

pseudo code

informal description of algorithm

domain

in www.bhbl.org bhbl is the domain

natural language

English, French, German, etc.

solvable problem

can be solved with an algorithm

unsolvable problem

one that can't be solved

undecidable problem

a decision problem that an algorithm can't solve

empirical analysis

analyzing data from experiments or observation

linear search

check every element, slow, works on any list

programming

the action or process of writing computer programs

iterative process

repeating a process in order to reach a goal

sequential execution

executed in order

executable

a program that performs tasks

procedure

a method or, in Snap, a block

parameters

input variables

data abstraction

creating a data type that hides the details of the data representation

strings

sequence of characters

substring

part of a sequence of characters

concatenation

putting strings together (join block)

floating-point numbers

decimals (with precision issues)

lists

ordered collections

Application Program Interfaces (API's); libraries

Example: Google Maps API lets developers embed maps on web pages

Debugging

identify and remove errors from computer hardware or software

Functionality

the range of functions of an electronic system

program documentation

comments

variables

a value that can change

Simulation benefits

nothing physical must be built, other factors can be incorporated, new alternatives may be considered based on results, usable results are produced

logical concepts

and, or, not

Boolean algebra

the values of the variables are true, false

execution

performing the instructions of a program

process(es)

an instance of a program that is getting executed

syntax

spelling and grammar of a computer language

logic

if, if-else, and, or, not

Heuristic solution

solutions close to to the real solution (approximate)

Analog data

A continuous representation of data

Bit Rate

the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time. e.g. 8 bits/sec.

Compression ratio

A ratio such as 5:1 that indicates the ratio of compression that has been applied to a file. High compression ratios such as 35:1 indicate more compression so data can be contained in smaller files.Summarizes the reduction in size of a file. Can be expressed two different ways, as follows. If more than 1, the compression ratio tells how many times bigger the original file is. If less than 1, the compression ratio tells the percentage by which the original file size has been reduced. A compressed data divided by original data

Cookies

Small text files that are sent to your computer from certain websites. They track your behaviour and transactions.A small text file placed on your computer when you visit a Web page. Used to remember you or your preferences when you revisit that page or to track your browsing activities, cookies facilitate virtual shopping carts, page customization, and targeted advertising. They are not programs and cannot read your hard drive or cause damage to your computer.

Creative Commons License

is used when an author wants to give people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that he has created.

Data encryption

What process secures a wireless network by protecting data packets being transmitted?scrambling the data in a message in a systematic way in order to prevent competitors from electronically monitoring confidential data transmission

Domain internet vs Sub domain (second, third, fourth,, level domains)

For instance, http:// sub.example.comhttp is the protocolsub.example is second level domaincom is top level domain

Encryption

Process of converting readable data into unreadable characters to prevent unauthorized access.

Heuristic

a problem solving approach (algorithm) to find a satisfactory solution where finding an optimal or exact solution is impractical or impossible.

For loop

An iteration structure that repeats one or more statements a specified number of times

High level programming

Provides strong abstraction from the hardware and allows a program to be written in a language that can run on multiple types of computers.Visual by humans.Visual Basics, Python, Java.English type language for programming.Differentiates the language from assembly language and binary which are technically also programming languages

HTTP

Hypertext Transfer Protocolis the set of rules for transferring files (text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World Wide Web. As soon as a Web user opens their Web browser, the user is indirectly making use of HTTP. HTTP is an application protocol that runs on top of the TCP/IP suite of protocols (the foundation protocols for the Internet).

ISP

Internet Service Provider

Iterative

A process that repeats a series of steps over and over until the desired outcome is obtained.

JPEG

(Joint Photographic Experts Group) The type of image file used most commonly by photographers.

Lossless Compression

a data compression algorithm that allows the original data to be perfectly reconstructed from the compressed data.

lossy compression

a process of reducing a file's size by altering and/or eliminating some pixels

Malware

Malicious software created specifically for the purpose of infiltrating or damaging a computer system without the user's knowledge or consent includes a variety of technologies, including viruses, Trojan horses, worms, spyware, and adware

Net Neutrality

The principle that Internet service providers should enable access to all content and applications regardless of the source, and without favoring or blocking particular products or websites.

Network Redundancy

having multiple backups to ensure reliability during cases of high usage or failure. Router - A type of computer that forwards data across a network. Redundant routing is impossible if there is only one possible path from one device to another.

Packets

Small chunks of information that have been carefully formed from larger chunks of information.

PNG

Portable Network GraphicsThis supports advanced transparency, has a relatively average file size, and can be interlaced, optimizing for internet use.A raster file that supports transparency and is best used for line art, logos, photographs and web but is not suitable for print.

Ap Computer Science Principles Review Flashcards ionicons-v5-c

Ap Computer Science Principles Review Flashcards