Ap Human Geography Agriculture Flashcards
Agribusiness
System of food production involving everything from the development of the seeds to the marketing and sale of food products at the market.
Double Cropping
Planting and harvesting a crop on a field more than once a year.
geneticall modified organism
Foods that are mostly products or organisms that have their genes altered in a laboratory for specific purposes, such as disease resistant, increased productivity, or nutrients value
intensive subsistence agriculture
Subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relative large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a pared of land.
Monoculture
Dependence on a single agricultural commodity.
Market Gardening
Small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers, Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually.
Plantation Agriculture
Raising a large amount of a 'cash crop' for local sale or export.
Suitcase Farm
A farm in which no one reside permanently, they go against the grain of traditional farming. In the US migrant workers provide a cheap, abundant labor source; they work on the farm during the day and leave at night. There is no residence on the site.
Transhumance
Movement of animal herd to cooler highland areas in the summer to warmer lowland areas in the winter.
Von Thunen Model
Theory that a commercial farmer wull decide which crops to grow and which livestock to raise depending on the proximity to market.
Green Revolution
An outgrowth of the 3rd agricultural revolution, this effort began in the 1940s and developed new strains of hybrid seeds and fertilizers that dramatically increased the crop output possible from each farm.
Pastoral Nomadism
Dry AreasSame climate as livestock ranching(commercial farms in MDCs)Marginalized land
Livestock Ranching
Raising of domesticated animals for food or items like leather Climate: Dry Growing industry As countries develop, meat eating increases Standard of living increases Not near market
Dairying
Climate: Cold Perishable Area surrounding dairying is milk shed Closer to market North Latitude Bottling fluid
Mixed livestock and grain
Raise domesticated animals and growing feed
Mediterranean
Dry summers High rainfall needed France, Spain, Greece, North Africa, Australia, Chile, California Produce grapes, citrus, etc. Wine production
Truck Farming
Farm where farmers produce fruits for the market Use mechanization to produce large quantities of fruits and veggies
agriculture
The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.
Aquaculture
Raising marine and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater cages
Bid rent theory
geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.
Biotechnology
A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.
Commerical Agriculture
Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.
commodity chain
series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market
crop rotation
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
Desertification
Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.
factory farm
a farm in which animals are bred and fattened using modern industrial methods
First Agricultural Revolution
Dating back 10,000 years, it achieved plant domestication and animal domestication
Horticulutre
The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.
Organic Agriculture
Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs.
Second Agricultural Revolution
tools and equipment were modified, methods of soil preparation, fertilization, crop care, and harvesting improved the general organization of agriculture made more efficient
subsistence agriculture
Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family
sustainable agriculture
Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil- restoring crops with cash crops and reducing in-puts of fertilizer and pesticides.
economics of scale
factors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as output rises
extensive agriculture
An agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area.
fair trade
Alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organizing, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards.
Feedlot
a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market
hunting and gathering
the use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food
hydroponics
a technique of growing plants (without soil) in water containing dissolved nutrients
Intensive Agriculture
any agricultural system involving the application of large amounts of capital and/or labor per unit of cultivated land; may be part of either subsistence or commercial economy
Intertillage
the clearing of rows in the field through the use of hoes, rakes, & other manual equipment
livestock ranching
An extensive commercial agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock over vast geographic spaces typically located in semi-arid climates like the American West.
market gardening
The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers. Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually.
Mediterranean agriculture
An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados, olives, and a host of nuts, fruits, and vegetables comprise profitable agricultural operations.
mixed crop and livestock farming
Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans.
plantation agriculture
raising a large amount of a "cash crop" for local sale or export
shifting cultivation
A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.
slash and burn agriculture
Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris.
Terrace Farming
a farming system that is in the form of steps going up a mountain
truck farming
commercial gardening and fruit farming
Wet Rice
rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth
Clustered rural settlement
A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement.
cool chains
transportation networks that keep food cool throughout a trip
Dispersed rural settlement
A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.
double cropping
Harvesting twice a year from the same field.
Milk shed
The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied.
Sawah
A flooded field for growing rice
suitcase farm
In American commercial grain agriculture, a farm on which no one lives; planting and harvesting is done by hired migratory crews.
Swidden
A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.
vertical farming
The practice of producing food in vertically stacked layers, vertically inclined surfaces and/or integrated in other structures.