Ap Human Geography Industry And Development Flashcards
Air Pollution
the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms or damages the natural environment, into the atmosphere
Break of bulk point
a location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another
Comparative advantage
the ability of a party to produce a particular good or service at a lower opportunity cost than another party
Deindustrialization
process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the region to switch to a service economy and to work through a high period of high unemployment
Economies of scale
characteristics of a production process in which an increase in the scale of the firm causes a decrease in the long run average cost of each unit
Ecotourism
tourism to exotic or threatened ecosystems to observe wildlife or to help preserve nature
Entrepot
a commercial center, a place where merchandise is sent for additional procession and distribution
Export processing zone
zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi periphery where they offer favorable tax, regulatory and trade arrangements to attract foreign trade and investment
Footloose industry
an industry that can be placed and located at any location without effect from factors such as resources or transport
Four Asian Tigers
refers to the highly developed economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan
Industrial Revolution
A period from the 18th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining and transport had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions starting in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spreading throughout Europe
New International Division of Labor
economic specialization is the specialization of cooperative labor in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase the productivity of labor
Maquiladora
Zones in northern Mexico with factories supplying manufactured goods to the US market, low wage workers in the primarily foreign owned factories assemble imported components and/or raw materials and then export finished goods
Outsourcing
The transfer of a business function to an external service provider
Transnational Corporation
A multinational corporation(MNC) also called multinational enterprise (MNE) is a corporation or an enterprise that manages production or delivers services in more than one country
Post-Fordist
The adoption by companies of flexible work rules such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks
Bulk reducing industry
Relative loss in weight of production inputs during the production process
Bulk Gaining Industry
relative gain in weight of production inputs during the production process
Growth poles
Points of economic growth
Foreign Direct Investment
investment of foreign assets into domestic structures, equipment, and organizations
Gross Domestic Product
The total value of all goods and services produced within a country during a given year
Gross National Product
Total value of all goods and services produced by a country's economy in a given year. It includes all goods and services produced by corporations and individuals.
Human Development Index
an indicator of the level of development for each country, constructed by the UN combing income literacy education and life expectancy
Neocolonialism
A policy whereby a major power uses economic and political means to perpetuate or extend its influence over underdeveloped nations or areas
Purchasing Power Parity
how much money would be needed to purchase the same goods and services in two different countries, and uses that to calculate an implicit foreign exchange rate.
Newly Industrializing Countries
States that have gone through lots of recent economic development due to the economy moving to more industry
Development
A process of improvement of the material conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology
Primary sector
The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from earths surface generally through agriculture although sometimes through mining, fishing , and forestry
Secondary sector
The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful product through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials
Tertiary sector
The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities sometimes extended to the provisions of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment
Millennium development goals
eight goals established by the united nations to reduce disparities between more developed countries and lees developed countries
Situation factors
Location factors related to the cost of transportation of materials into and from a factory
Fordism
Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to preform repeatedly
Agglomeration
Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources.
Disaggregation of production
When production of a product takes place by many different companies potentially all over the world
energy consumption
the amount of energy consumed by business processes and systems
Quaternary Sector
Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.
Quinary Sector
Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.
sustainable development
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Gini Coefficient
A measure of income inequality within a population, ranging from zero for complete equality, to one if one person has all the income.
Microloans
small, short-term loans usually done by individuals
non-governmental organization
A private sector organization that does not primarily aim to make a profit. Instead, they operate for the benefit of others in society.
Site factors
Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital.
Special Economic Zones
specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment
Sustainable Development Goals
Seventeen goals adopted by the U.N. in 2015 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by 2030.
trading bloc
consists of those countries that have signed a particular trade agreement
Backwash effect
The negative effects on one region that result from economic growth within another region.
Brownfields
contaminated industrial or commercial sites that may require environmental cleanup before they can be redeveloped or expanded
Complementary
A mutual beneficially trading relationship
cottage industry
Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
A measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality
Just-in-time delivery
Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed
ozone depletion
thinning of Earth's ozone layer caused by CFC's leaking into the air and reacting chemically with the ozone, breaking the ozone molocules apart
Right to work laws
A state law forbidding requirements that workers must join a union to hold their jobs.
spin-off benefits
Positive outcomes in addition to the main outcome