Ap Psychology Barron's Chapter 13: Treatment Of Psychological Disorders Flashcards
Trephining
an early form of treatment of people with mental illnesses that was supposed to let the harmful spirits escape; making holes in the skull
Deinstitutionalization
after 1950s drugs started treating people with disorders, people were released from mental institutions; but many ended up homeless
Prevention
if psychological problems can be treated before they become severe, the suffering of the client as well as the cost of providing care can be reduced
Psychotherapy
A general term used to describe any kind of therapy that treats the mind and not the body; largely consist of talking to a psychologist
Psychoanalysis
specific type of psychotherapy pioneered by Freud; patient lies on a couch while the therapist sits in a chair out of the patient's line of vision
free association
In psychoanalysis, patients say whatever comes to mind without thinking or letting the ego hide what is really bothering them
dream analysis
In psychoanalysis, patients describe their dreams; since the ego's defenses are relaxed during sleep, dreams will show the root of problems
manifest content
In dream analysis, what the patient reports
latent content
In dream analysis, the hidden content; it is revealed only as a result of the therapist's interpretive work
Resistance
patients disagree with therapists' interpretations because psychoanalysis can be a painful process of coming to terms with repressed thoughts
Transference
patients begin to have strong feelings toward their therapists; e.g. as a romantic interest, parent, or enemy
insight therapies
highlight the importance of the patients/clients gaining an understanding of their problems
humanistic therapies
helping people understand and accept themselves and self-actualize (reach their highest potential); client-centered therapy, Gestalt therapy
Client-centered therapy (person-centered therapy)
developed by Carl Rogers, this humanistic therapy hinges on the therapist providing the client unconditional positive regard
unconditional positive regard
blanket acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or does; used in client-centered or person-centered therapy
active listening (reflective listening)
Used by client-centered therapists who say little and mirror back client feelings to clarify; "So what I'm hearing you say is..."
Gestalt therapy
Perls; importance of the whole; therapists encourage clients to get in touch with their whole selves: feelings, body position, the present
Existential therapies
humanistic; problems come from a lost sense of purpose, so help clients achieve a meaningful perception of their lives
Behaviorist therapies
Based on the idea that all behavior is learned; uses classical conditioning, operant conditioning, modeling, counterconditioning
counterconditioning
kind of classical conditioning; an unpleasant conditioned response is replaced with a pleasant one; e.g. toys replace child anxiety with fun
systematic desensitization
clients replace feelings of anxiety with relaxation (through breathing exercises and meditation); treats anxiety and phobias; Wolpe
anxiety hierarchy
A rank-ordered list of what the client fears, starting with the least frightening and ending with the most frightening
Flooding
treats anxiety disorders with classical conditioning; clients address the most frightening scenario first so they realize that their fears are, in fact, irrational
aversive conditioning
A classical conditioning technique that pairs a habit a person wishes to break (e.g. smoking) with an unpleasant stimulus (e.g. electric shock)
token economy
instrumental conditioning used in mental institutions and schools that reward desired behaviors with tokens that can be exchanged for prizes or privileges
cognitive therapies
Locate the cause of psychological problems in the way people think and then concentrate on changing these unhealthy thought patterns
Attributional style
The way a person typically explains the things that happen in his or her life; identified and addressed in cognitive therapies
cognitive therapy
treats depression by getting clients to engage in pursuits that will bring them success; Beck
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
combines the ideas and techniques of cognitive and behavioral psychologists (e.g. rational emotive behavior therapy)
rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
question the likelihood of something feared occurring and the impact if it did occur; has clients engage in the behaviors they fear; Ellis
Group therapies
therapy that treats more than one person at a time; family therapy (reveals troublesome interactions) and self-help groups (Alcoholics Anonymous) that don't involve a therapist at all
Somatic therapies
therapies that produce bodily changes; used by psychologists see disorders as biomedical problems; e.g. psychopharmacology, ECT, and psychosurgery
psychopharmacology
Most common type of somatic therapy; drugs are used to treat patients; especially schizophrenia and mood disorders; Aka chemotherapy
antipsychotic drugs
drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder by blocking the receptor sites for dopamine; e.g. Thorazine and Haldol
Antidepressants
Treat unipolar depression by increasing the activity of serotonin; taking these is a form of chemotherapy
antianxiety drugs
depress the activity of the central nervous system making people feel more relaxed; barbiturates (Miltown) and benzodiazepines (Xanax and Valium)
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
electric current is passed through the brain to change the brain's blood flow patters; used as last resort to treat severe depression
psychosurgery
destroy part of the brain to alter a person's behavior; used as a last resort on people suffering to a great extent; e.g. prefrontal lobotomy
psychiatrists
Medical doctors; only therapists permitted to prescribe medication; usually favor a biomedical model of mental illness
clinical psychologists
Have PhDs; usually deal with people who are suffering from problems more severe than everyday difficulties with work or family
counseling psychologists
help people whose problems are less severe than those treated by clinical psychologists; e.g. school psychologists, marriage and family therapists
Psychoanalysts
People specifically trained in Freudian methods; may or may not hold medical degrees
Sigmund Freud
(1856-1939) developed psychoanalysis as a therapeutic technique which included hypnosis, free association, and dream analysis
Carl Rogers
(1902-1987) humanist who created client-centered or patient-centered therapy; believed unconditional positive regard was essential
Fritz (Friedrich, Frederick) Perls
(1893-1970) developed Gestalt therapy which helps clients integrate all of their actions, feelings, and thoughts into a harmonious whole
Mary Cover Jones
(1897-1987) the mother of behavior therapy; developed counterconditioning
Joseph Wolpe
(1915-1997) behaviorist who developed systematic desensitization to treat phobias; used relaxation, anxiety hierarchy, and counterconditioning
B.F. Skinner
(1904-1990) developed operant conditioning as a method of treatment uses principles such ad reinforcement and punishment to modify a person's behavior
Aaron Beck
(1921-present) to treat depression, he used cognitive therapy by challenging negative beliefs about the cognitive triad (people's beliefs about themselves, their worlds, and their futures)
Albert Ellis
(1913-2007) a cognitive behavioral therapist that developed rational emotive behavior therapy which challenged illogical ways of thinking and assigning behavioral homework