Ap Psychology Barron's Chapter 14: Social Psychology Flashcards
attitude
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
mere exposure effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
central versus peripheral route to persuasion
a person is persuaded by the content of the message vs. a person is persuaded by something other than the message's content
cognitive dissonance
Inner tension that a person experiences after recognizing an inconsistency between behavior and values or opinions
foot-in-the-door
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
door-in-the-face
tendency for people who won't agree to a large task, but then agree when a smaller request is made
norms of reciprocity
People tend to think that when someone does something nice for them, they ought to do something nice in return.
attribution theory
the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
self-fulfilling prophecy
an expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true.
fundamental attribution error
tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate situational impact of and to overestimate impact of personal disposition
collectivists versus individualistic cultures
group as an entity, with individuals lost along the way vs. each individual is acting on his or her own, making their own choices
false-consensus effect
the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
self-serving bias
the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors
just-world bias
belief that misfortunes befall people who deserve them. It can be seen in the tendency to blame victims; a tendency to believe that life is fair
stereotype
a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
prejudice
A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority.
ethnocentrism
belief that one's culture is superior to others; a specific kind of prejudice; people see their own culture as the norm and judge others by it
discrimination
acting on prejudices
out-group homogeneity
The perception that individuals outside their own group are more similar to each other than they really are
in-group bias
tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group
superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
frustration-aggression hypothesis
the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger which can generate aggression
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
diffusion of responsibility
tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when surrounded by others who are acting the same way
pluralistic ignorance
people seem to decide what constitutes appropriate behavior in a situation by looking to others
Attraction research
Social psychologists study what factors increase the chance that people will like one another (similarity, proximity, and reciprocal liking)
social facilitation
improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
social impairment
the tendency for the presence of other people to have a negative impact on the performance of a difficult task
conformity
Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
obedience
A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority
group norms
Shared guidelines or rules for behavior that most group members follow
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
group polarization
the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
groupthink
when people ignore their own ideas to go along with what the group thinks, a false unanimity is encouraged, and flaws in the group's decisions may be overlooked
deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
Richard LaPiere
(1899-1986) established gap between attitudes and behaviors; restaurants said they would not serve Asians, but treated them well when they came
Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith
(1919-1989 and 1936-1984) cognitive dissonance theory: paid subjects $20 or $1 to lie that a boring task was fun; those paid $20 had less dissonance and continued feeling bored; those paid $1 had more dissonance so began having fun
Harold Kelley
(1921-2003) theorized that people consider consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus when making attributions
Robert Rosenthal
(1933-Present) Psychologist in Pygmalion in the Classroom: randomly selected students who teachers were told would do well did better than other students
Lenore Jacobson
Principal in 1968 Pygmalion in the Classroom: randomly selected students who teachers were told would do well did better than other students
Muzafer Sherif
(1906-1988) camp study illustrates how easily out-group bias can be created and how superordinate goals can be used to unite formally antagonistic groups
John Darley and Bibb Latane
(1938-2018 and 1937-Present) discovered that the larger the number of people who witness and emergency situation, the less likely any one is to intervene (bystander effect)
Solomon Asch
(1907-1996) discovered that, 1/3 of the time, people will agree with the group even if the answer is obviously wrong
Stanley Milgram
(1933-1984) obedience; people tend to obey authority figures; 60% of participants thought they delivered the maximum possible level of shock
Irving Janis
(1918-1990) studied group dynamics, responsible for theory of "groupthink"
Phillip Zimbardo
(1933-Present) college students role-playing prisoners and guards acted in surprisingly negative and hostile ways; roles are powerful