Ap Psychology Barron's Chapter 8: Motivation And Emotion Flashcards
Motivations
Feelings or ideas that cause us to act toward a goal; e.g. Why are you taking psychology?
Instincts
Automatic behaviors performed in response to specific stimuli; e.g. cats are born knowing how to clean themselves
Drive reduction theory
biological needs like food, water, and shelter motivate behavior; e.g. hunger is a drive that motivates us to buy a snack
Need
One of our requirements for survival; e.g. food, water, shelter
Drive
Our impulse to act in a way that satisfies our needs; e.g. hunger
Primary drives
biological needs; e.g. thirst
Secondary drives
Learned desires; e.g. money
Homeostasis
a balanced internal state
Arousal theory
seek optimum level of excitement; people with high levels drawn to high-excitement, risky behaviors; meeting a goal can achieve arousal
Yerkes-Dodson Law
we might perform well at an easy task with a very high level of arousal, but the same high level of arousal would prevent us from performing well on a difficult task
opponent-process theory of motivation
explains addictive behaviors; an act (smoking) may be initially pleasurable but may move our baseline state so we must use the substance to feel normal
Incentives
Stimuli that we are drawn to get and pulls our behavior; e.g. motivated to study to get the reward of a good test score
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
We will act to satisfy biological needs (survival, safety), then emotional needs (love, self-esteem), then life goals (satisfaction, self-actualization)
self-actualization
A need to fulfill our unique potential as a person
lateral hypothalamus
hunger center; when stimulated causes the one to eat; destruction of this destroys hunger and one will starve if not forced to eat
ventromedial hypothalamus
Satiety (satisfaction) center; causes one to stop eating when it is stimulated
Set-point theory
hypothalamus wants to maintain a certain optimum body weight, so it will tell us to start or stop eating and raise or lower our metabolic rate
Bulimia
Eat large amounts of food (binging) and then get rid of the food (purging) by vomiting, excessive exercise, or the use of laxatives
anorexia
Starve to below 85% of normal body weight and refuse to eat due to obsession with weight; vast majority with this condition are women
Obesity
severely overweight which threatens health; typically have unhealthy eating habits rather than food obsessions
achievement motivation
Motivation behind complex behaviors like mastering complex tasks, learning knowledge, and figuring out our world to reach personal goals
extrinsic motivators
Rewards that we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves (e.g. grades, salary, college credit); very effective for a short period of time
Intrinsic motivators
rewards we get internally (e.g. enjoyment, satisfaction, gain knowledge, challenge yourself); most effective if we want a behavior to continue
Management theory
How managers behave; Theory X: managers believe employees work only if rewarded or punished; Theory Y: believe employees are internally motivated to do good work
approach-approach conflict
Occurs when you must choose between two desirable outcomes (e.g. you could go to Puerto Rico or San Francisco for Spring Break)
avoidance-avoidance conflict
occurs when you must choose between two unattractive outcomes (e.g. staying at home and cleaning the garage or visiting distant relatives)
approach-avoidance conflict
One event or goal has both attractive and unattractive features (e.g. a lactose-intolerant person eating delicious ice cream)
James-Lange theory of emotion
incorrect theory that we feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress; e.g. physiological change of heart racing causes fear
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
the biological change and the cognitive awareness of the emotional state occur simultaneously
two-factor theory
the two factors of biology (physical response) and cognition (cognitive labels) create emotion
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Describes the general response animals (including humans) have to stressful events with the following stages: alarm reaction; resistance; and exhaustion
Charles Darwin
When he published his theory of natural selection, many psychologists unsuccessfully tried to explain all human behavior through instincts
Abraham Maslow
(1908-1970) pointed out that not all needs are created equal; described a hierarchy of needs
William Masters
(1915-2001) lead a partnership that documented the sexual response cycle in men and women; his research assistant became his 2nd of 3 wives
Virginia Johnson
(1925-2013) assisted in a partnership that documented the sexual response cycle in men and women; her lab partner became her 4th husband
Alfred Kinsey
(1894-1956) documented the variety of human sexual behaviors and was able to dispel some common myths about homosexuality
William James
(1842-1910) the father of American psychology who theorized that we feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress
Carl Lange
(1834-1900) a Danish physician who theorized that stress causes biological changes which cause us to feel emotion
Walter Cannon and Philip Bard
(1871-1945 and 1898-1977) teacher and student who believed that the thalamus sent signals simultaneously to our cortex (emotions) and to our automatic nervous system (physiological change)
Stanley Schachter
(1922-1997) developed the two-factor theory, which is the most complete emotional theory that says emotion depends on biology and cognition
Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe
created a stress scale of such events as marriage and work troubles; it was called the Social Readjustment Rate Scale (SRRS)
Hans Seyle
(1907-1982) considered the father of the field of stress research and described the stages of stress with his General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)