Ap Psychology Barron's Chapter 9: Developmental Psychology Flashcards ionicons-v5-c

developmemtal psychologists

study how our behavior and thoughts change over our entire lives, from birth to death or conception to cremation

Nature versus nurture

name for a controversy in which it is debated whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior

cross-sectional research

A study in which a representative cross section of the population is tested or surveyed at one specific time

longitudinal research

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

teratogens

Agents that damage the process of development, such as drugs and viruses

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by pregnant women's heavy drinking; noticeable facial mis-proportions

newborn reflexes

inborn automatic response to a particular form of stimulation that all healthy babies are born with

attachment

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

Harry Harlow's attachment research

used infant monkeys and inanimate "mothers" to study the impact of touch, warmth, and food on infants; lacking a real mother had long term effects

Mary Ainsworth's strange situation

an experiment designed to measure attachment; observed infants' reactions when their parents left them alone for a short period of time and then returned

secure attachments

infants confidently explore the novel environment while the parents are present, are distressed when they leave, and come to the parents when they return

avoidant attachments

infants may resist being held by the parents and will explore the novel environment; do not go to parents for comfort when they return after an absence

anxious/ambivalent attachment

infants may show extreme stress when the parents leave but resist being comforted by them when they return; aka resistant attachments

authoritarian parents

parents who are rigid and punitive and value unquestioning obedience from their children

permissive parents

parents characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior

authoritative parents

parents with warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decisions

oral stage

Freud's first stage of psychosexual development during which pleasure is centered in the mouth

anal stage

Freud's pychosexual period during which a child learns to control his bodily excretions

phallic stage

Freud's third stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure

genital stage

Freud's last stage of personality development, puberty through adulthood, the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface and are often resolved

Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development theory

our personality was profoundly influenced by our experiences with others; 8 stages of development centering on specific social conflict

Trust versus Mistrust

Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner

Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt

Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt

Initiative versus Guilt

Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities

Industry versus Inferiority

Erikson's stage between 6 and 11 years, when the child learns to be productive

identity versus role confusion

Erikson's stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves

Intimacy versus Isolation

Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families

generatively versus stagnation

40s to 60s, middle adulthood - people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they feel a lack of purpose

integrity versus despair

Erikson's final stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives

Jean Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory

children view the world through schemata, cognitive rules we use to interpret the word; 4 stages

schemata

Mental models of the world that we use to guide and interpret our experiences

assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

accommodation

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

sensorimotor stage

(birth to about 2 years) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities (Piaget)

object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

preoperational stage

(2 to 6 or 7 years) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic (Piaget)

egocentric

self-centered, selfish

concrete operations

(7 to 11 years) Piaget's stage in which children learn such concepts as conservation and mathematical transformations (Piaget)

concepts of conservation

the realization that properties of objects remain the same even when their shapes change

formal operations

(starting at 12) the stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts (Piaget)

metacognition

"Thinking about thinking;" ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then monitor performance of it

Lawrence Kohlberg's moral developmental theory

stage theory that studies the development of morality and how the ability to reason about ethical situations changes over life

preconventional stage

Kohlberg's moral development stage where your behavior is influenced by rewards and punishments

conventional stage

Kohlberg's moral development stage where your behavior is influence by peer pressure/society

Postconventional stage

Kohlberg's moral development stage where your behavior is influenced by your own ethics

Konrad Lorenz

(1903-1989) researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting

Harry Harlow

(1905-1981) studied development and attachment; experimented with infant monkeys which became attached to cloth mothers due to contact comfort

Mary Ainsworth

(1913-1999) researched the attachment by placing human infants into novel situations: secure, avoidant, or anxious/ambivalent attachment

Diana Baumrind

(1927-Present) her theory of parenting styles had three main types (permissive, authoritative, & authoritarian)

Lev Vygotsky

(1896-1934) called the range of tasks the child can perform with guidance (but not completely independently) the zone of proximal development

Sigmund Freud

(1856-1939) Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

Erik Erikson

(1902-1994) neo-Freudian, humanist; developed 8 psychosocial stages to shows how people evolve through life; each stage marked by "Who am I?"

Jean Piaget

(1896-1980) 4 stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational

Alfred Binet

(1857-1911) creator of the first intelligence test to diagnose learning disabilities (French)

Lawrence Kohlberg

(1927-1987) studied the responses and reasoning of boys given moral dilemmas: If Joe has an ill wife but cannot afford medication, should he steal?

Carol Gilligan

(1936-Present) theorized that boys have a more absolute view of what is moral while girls pay more attention the the situational factors