Ap Psychology Barron's Chapter 9: Developmental Psychology Flashcards
developmemtal psychologists
study how our behavior and thoughts change over our entire lives, from birth to death or conception to cremation
Nature versus nurture
name for a controversy in which it is debated whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior
cross-sectional research
A study in which a representative cross section of the population is tested or surveyed at one specific time
longitudinal research
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
teratogens
Agents that damage the process of development, such as drugs and viruses
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by pregnant women's heavy drinking; noticeable facial mis-proportions
newborn reflexes
inborn automatic response to a particular form of stimulation that all healthy babies are born with
attachment
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
Harry Harlow's attachment research
used infant monkeys and inanimate "mothers" to study the impact of touch, warmth, and food on infants; lacking a real mother had long term effects
Mary Ainsworth's strange situation
an experiment designed to measure attachment; observed infants' reactions when their parents left them alone for a short period of time and then returned
secure attachments
infants confidently explore the novel environment while the parents are present, are distressed when they leave, and come to the parents when they return
avoidant attachments
infants may resist being held by the parents and will explore the novel environment; do not go to parents for comfort when they return after an absence
anxious/ambivalent attachment
infants may show extreme stress when the parents leave but resist being comforted by them when they return; aka resistant attachments
authoritarian parents
parents who are rigid and punitive and value unquestioning obedience from their children
permissive parents
parents characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior
authoritative parents
parents with warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decisions
oral stage
Freud's first stage of psychosexual development during which pleasure is centered in the mouth
anal stage
Freud's pychosexual period during which a child learns to control his bodily excretions
phallic stage
Freud's third stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure
genital stage
Freud's last stage of personality development, puberty through adulthood, the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface and are often resolved
Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development theory
our personality was profoundly influenced by our experiences with others; 8 stages of development centering on specific social conflict
Trust versus Mistrust
Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner
Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt
Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt
Initiative versus Guilt
Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities
Industry versus Inferiority
Erikson's stage between 6 and 11 years, when the child learns to be productive
identity versus role confusion
Erikson's stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves
Intimacy versus Isolation
Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families
generatively versus stagnation
40s to 60s, middle adulthood - people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they feel a lack of purpose
integrity versus despair
Erikson's final stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives
Jean Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
children view the world through schemata, cognitive rules we use to interpret the word; 4 stages
schemata
Mental models of the world that we use to guide and interpret our experiences
assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
accommodation
adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
sensorimotor stage
(birth to about 2 years) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities (Piaget)
object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
preoperational stage
(2 to 6 or 7 years) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic (Piaget)
egocentric
self-centered, selfish
concrete operations
(7 to 11 years) Piaget's stage in which children learn such concepts as conservation and mathematical transformations (Piaget)
concepts of conservation
the realization that properties of objects remain the same even when their shapes change
formal operations
(starting at 12) the stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts (Piaget)
metacognition
"Thinking about thinking;" ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then monitor performance of it
Lawrence Kohlberg's moral developmental theory
stage theory that studies the development of morality and how the ability to reason about ethical situations changes over life
preconventional stage
Kohlberg's moral development stage where your behavior is influenced by rewards and punishments
conventional stage
Kohlberg's moral development stage where your behavior is influence by peer pressure/society
Postconventional stage
Kohlberg's moral development stage where your behavior is influenced by your own ethics
Konrad Lorenz
(1903-1989) researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting
Harry Harlow
(1905-1981) studied development and attachment; experimented with infant monkeys which became attached to cloth mothers due to contact comfort
Mary Ainsworth
(1913-1999) researched the attachment by placing human infants into novel situations: secure, avoidant, or anxious/ambivalent attachment
Diana Baumrind
(1927-Present) her theory of parenting styles had three main types (permissive, authoritative, & authoritarian)
Lev Vygotsky
(1896-1934) called the range of tasks the child can perform with guidance (but not completely independently) the zone of proximal development
Sigmund Freud
(1856-1939) Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.
Erik Erikson
(1902-1994) neo-Freudian, humanist; developed 8 psychosocial stages to shows how people evolve through life; each stage marked by "Who am I?"
Jean Piaget
(1896-1980) 4 stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational
Alfred Binet
(1857-1911) creator of the first intelligence test to diagnose learning disabilities (French)
Lawrence Kohlberg
(1927-1987) studied the responses and reasoning of boys given moral dilemmas: If Joe has an ill wife but cannot afford medication, should he steal?
Carol Gilligan
(1936-Present) theorized that boys have a more absolute view of what is moral while girls pay more attention the the situational factors