Chapter 1 Barron's Ap Psychology Flashcards
introspection
the purposeful and rational self-observation of one's mental state; first wave of psychology
trephination
a operation used by Stone Age humans that removes a circular section of bone from the skull
Wilhelm Wundt
set up the first psychological laboratory, trained subjects in introspection
structuralism
the idea that the mind operates by combining subjective emotions and objective sensations
William James
published psychology's first textbook: The Principles of Psychology, created functionalism
functionalism
explains how the structures in structuralism function in our lives
Gestalt psychology
examined a person's total experience, not just bits and pieces of it; second wave of psychology
Max Wertheimer
a Gestalt psychologist
psychoanalysis
human behavior, experience, and cognition are largely determined by irrational drives; third wave of psychology
Sigmund Freud
created psychoanalytic theory
unconscious mind
a part of the mind that we do not have conscious control that determines, in part, how we think and behave
repression
the pushing down into the unconscious events and feelings that cause so much anxiety and tension that our conscious mind cannot deal with them
defense mechanism
psychological strategies brought into play by the unconscious mind to manipulate, deny, or distort reality
behaviorism
psychologists should only look at behavior and causes of behavior, not elements of consciousness; fourth wave of psychology; dominant school of thought from the 1920s to 1960s
John Watson
studied Ivan Pavlov's conditioning experiments, main proponent of behaviorism
stimuli
environmental events
responses
physical reactions
B.F. Skinner
behaviorist, expanded the ideas to include reinforcement
reinforcement
environmental stimuli that either encourage or discourage certain responses
eclectic
drawing from multiple perspectives of psychology; fifth wave of psychology; most current psychologists are eclectic
humanism
stresses individual choice and free will, most of our behaviors are chosen due to physiological, emotional, or spiritual needs
Abraham Maslow
humanist
Carl Rogers
humanist
biopsychology
explains human thought and behavior in terms of biological processes only
evolutionary psychologists (sociobiologists)
examine human thoughts and actions in terms of natural selection
natural selection
favorable traits for survival will be passed down and preserved
cognitive psychologists
examine human thought and behavior in terms of how we interpret, process, and remember environmental events
social-cultural psychologists
looks at how human thought and behavior varies from culture to culture
comparative psychologists
look at the psychology of non-human animals
overt behavior
Behavior that has the potential for being directly observed by an individual other than the one performing the behavior.
covert behavior
Behavior that can be subjectively perceived only by the person performing the behavior. Thoughts and feelings are covert behaviors.