Child Adolescent Developmen Flashcards ionicons-v5-c

Low level cognitive skills (reading)

1. Letter identification2. Associating letters with sounds

High level cognitive skills (reading)

1. Matching written words with meanings2. Using contents and background knowledge

Five stages of reading

1. Stage 0: Alphabet and Phonemic Awareness (0-1st)2. Stage 1: Phonological recording skills (1st and 2nd)3. Stage 2: Fluency in reading simple material (2nd and 3rd)4. Stage 3: Acquire new knowledge (4th-8th)5. Stage 4: Multiple perspectives (8th-12th)

Pre-reading skils

1. Mastery of letter names2. Phonemic awareness

Phonemic awareness

The ability to identify the sounds within words(is aware and can manipulate the sounds)

Training phonemic awareness leads to

increased reading skill

Two approaches to reading

1. Code-based2. Whole-language

Code-based

Emphasize the components of reading, such as the sounds of letters and their combinations (what letters are and what they mean)

Whole-language

"Demphasizes" the role of phonics Teach by talking with context paragraphs not on individual words

Dyslexia

Poor phonemic awareness

Matthew Effect

The idea that the "poorer get poorer" (its hard to wait for kids who are behind)

General rules for counting

1. One-one principle 2. Stable order principle 3. Carnality principle

One-one principle

Each item counted is assigned one and only one number word. ages 4-5 yrs.

Stable order principle

Learning to count, number names must be counted in the same order (you cant skip around)

Cardinality principle

The last number named denotes the number of objects that are being counted.

Factor that influences the development of math skills

Number systems in different languages (Difference emerge around 3 and 4 years as children learn numbers greater then 10)

Effective schools

1. Academic Excellence is the primary goal2. Safe and nutrient climate3.Parent involvement4. Monitoring progress

Effective Teachers

1. Good class management 2. Believe in their responsibility for learning3. Emphasize mastery of topic4.Teach actively5. Pay careful attention to pacing6. Value tutoring7. Teach students learning strategies

What factors influence academic achievement?

1. Intelligence 2. Motivation3. Parenting style4. Socioeconomic status 5. Ethnic and racial differences

Intelligence

Capacity to understand the real world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with a challenge

Present day intelligence tests

1. Stanford Binet2. Wechler intelligence scale for children

Infant precursors on intelligence

1. Novelty effect (the novel situation individuals may perceive and respond differently than they would in the normal real world)2. Visual recognition memory3. Cross-modal reference (However there is a lot of fluctuation)

Achievement Tests

A test to determine the level of knowledge in a particular subject

Aptitude Tests

A test designed to predict a person's future performance

Intelligence Tests

Tests designed to measure a person's general mental abilities.

Motivational Belief systems

1. Mastery goals 2. Performance goals3. Entity Theory 4. Incremental Theory5. Attribution

Entity Theory

Theory that a person's level of intelligence is fixed and unchangeable

Incremental Theory

A theory that a person's intelligence can grow as a function of experience (success can be achieved through increased effort)

Attribution

Explanations fro causes of success or failure

Delay of gratification

Putting off immediate rewards (marshmallow experiment)

Children who have better delay of gratification earlier have

better grades later in life

Types of aggression

1. Instrumental 2. Hostile a. Overt b. Relational

Instrumental

Aggression without the intent to harm others

Hostile

Aggression with the intent to harm others

Overt

Aggression intended to bring physical harm (more boys)

Relational

Aggression intended to damage relationships (more girls)

1. Resort to physical aggression2. Some gender differences already observed 3. Decrease after preschool years

1. Decrease in physical aggression for both genders 2. Increase in relational aggression for both genders 3. Gender differences become greater

Social learning theory

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished (Bandura)

Observational Learning

Children learn by observing adults and imitating them (Bobo doll)

Social information processing model

1. Encoding 2. Interpretation3. Goal Formulation4. Response access/generation5. Response evaluation/ selection 6. Behavioral enactment

Puzzle study

1.Aggressive and non aggressive boys work on puzzle in room while another peer does the same2. During break, switch rooms to check on each other 3. Intercom heard voice of the "peer" who was checking their puzzle

3 Conditions of the puzzle Study

1. hostile intent (let break it)2. benign intent (oops)3. ambiguous intent (he has a lot done)

Puzzle Study results

The difference appeared in he ambiguous case. Aggressive kids tend to retaliate more in ambiguous situations

Two reasons why some kids are more aggressive than others

1. Social cognitive distortions2. Environment/Social context

Social cognitive distortions

How the child interprets situations

Social Context

1.Family influences2. Societal influences a. community, poverty, aggressive neighborhoods

The Families sub systems

1. Individual family members (Father, mother child)2. Dyadic relationships (husband and wife/ mother and child)3. Triadic relationships (Multiple interactions, mother father and child)

Defining features of families

1. Complex (involves many people)2. Dynamic (not always the same)3. Embedded (in a bigger context- other influences influence development)

Families (micro systems) are embedded in

1. Mesosystem 2. Exosystem 3. Macrosystem

The four types of parenting styles

1. Authoritative2. Permissive3. Authoritarian 4. Neglectful

Authoritative

A parenting style based on recognized authority or knowledge and characterized by mutual respect (High warmth and control)

Permissive

describes a parenting style that is characterized by the parent making few demands on the child (High warmth low control)

Authoritarian

A parenting style in which the parents are demanding, expect unquestioned obedience, are not responsive to their children's desires, and communicate poorly with their children. (low warmth high control)

Neglectful parenting

A parenting style characterized by a lack of parental involvement in the child's life (low warmth low control)

Cultural differences in parenting

1. Low SES are more authoritarian 2. Along with African, Asian and Hispanic Americans

Parenting styles effect both

1. Delinquency 2. Academic competence (Many other factors though)

Types of play

1. Solitary2. Parallel3. Associative4. Cooperative

Solitary

Alone, mostly ignore each other

Parallel

Side by side, but little interaction

Associative

Actively interact, but don't work together

Cooperative

Join forces to achieve goal

Peer acceptance categories

1. Popular2. Rejected3. Controversial4. Neglected5. Average

Many + few -

Rejected

Many - Few +

Controversial

Many + many -

Neglected

Few + -

Average

Average number of both + -

Rejected Children are more

1. Lonely2. Depressed3. Socially anxious

Rejected Children are at risk for

1. Dropping out of school2. Depression and low self esteem3. Delinquency and antisocial behavior

Correlations of Peer acceptance

1. Parenting2. Attractiveness3. Cognitive skills4. Social skills

Damon's Stages of friendships

Stage 1 (ages 4-7)Stage 2 (ages 8-10)Stage 3 (ages 11-15)

Stage 1 (ages 4-7)

Basing friendship on OTHERS behavior (if they play together)

Stage 2 (ages 8-10)

Basing friendship on TRUST (people trait, if they are similar)

Stage 3 (ages 11-15)

Basing friendship on PSYCHOLOGICAL closeness (loyalty, secrets)

Good nutrition promotesa. growth of strong bones and teeth.b. increases in height and weight.c. cognitive performance.d. all of these answers.

d. all of these answers.

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between mainstreaming and full inclusion in terms of exceptional students?Select one:a. While both programs integrate exceptional students into the traditional classroom, in the full inclusionclassroom all students, even those with severe disabilities, are completely integrated into the regularclassroom. b. Both mainstreaming and full inclusion involve integrating exceptional students in the traditional classrooms.c. Full inclusion teachers have extra aides to assist with the exceptional students.d. Only full inclusion offers the exceptional student with additional support.

a. While both programs integrate exceptional students into the traditional classroom, in the full inclusionclassroom all students, even those with severe disabilities, are completely integrated into the regularclassroom.

Artificial human growth hormones have been administered to promote growth in children for the last 20 years.What factor is inhibiting more widespread use of these drugs?Select one:a. There are potentially dangerous side effects. b. There is no way to stop the child's growth.c. Height is not considered an advantage in the United States.d. The only thing preventing more usage is availability of the drug.

a. There are potentially dangerous side effects.

Factors that have been identified as contributing to childhood obesity includeSelect one:a. genetic predispositions.b. poor nutritious diets.c. little exercise.d. all of these answers.

d. all of these answers.

During the middle childhood years, children begin to participate in organized sports activities. If you want a child to enjoy and continue playing sports, you should make sure that the goals for playing include which of the following?Select one:a. winning as many competitions as possibleb. comparing bodies with peersc. many hours of practiced. having fun

d. having fun

c. auto accidents.

While there have always been threats to the health and safety of school-aged children, many parents are most concerned about the safety of children in cyberspace. To make cyberspace visits safer, which of the following could be effective?Select one:a. not letting children have Internet access when they use computersb. supervising computer use by keeping the computer in more public areas instead of bedrooms c. letting children do as they wish, but monitor how much time they spend onlined. locking the child out of the computer entirely

b. supervising computer use by keeping the computer in more public areas instead of bedrooms

Difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities fall under the definition ofSelect one:a. blindness.b. learning disabilities. c. stuttering.d. speech impairments.

b. learning disabilities.

The most common speech impediment, which involves a substantial disruption in the rhythm and fluency of speech, isSelect one:a. selective muting.b. stuttering. c. a lisp.d. phonetic distraction.

b. stuttering.

Treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder can includeSelect one:a. behavior modification.b. drug therapy.c. adding structure to the classroom.d. all of these answers.

d. all of these answers.

The concrete operational stage of cognitive development is characterized by the active and appropriate use ofSelect one:a. symbolic representations. b. sensory information. c. all of these answers.d. logic.

d. logic.

Eight-year-old Anna is working on her math families. This is the process of building the relationships among a small group of numbers, such as 4 + 2 = 6; 6 - 2 = 4, etc. This exercise is an example of the concept ofSelect one:a. animism.b. decentration.c. reversibility. d. conservation.

c. reversibility.

When her teacher asked Molly to go to the office with a message, she was a bit concerned that she might forget part of the message. As soon as Molly left the classroom, she started to sing the message over and over until she arrived at the office. Molly used a strategy to improve her memory that is known asSelect one:a. working retrieval.b. auditory organization. c. cognitive elaboration. d. rehearsal.

d. rehearsal.

A major development in language skills during middle childhood is the child's ability to understand his or her own use of language. This increased awareness is also known asSelect one:a. the theory of mind. b. metacognition. c. false belief.d. metalinguistics.

d. metalinguistics.

Education that has as a goal that students from minority cultures will develop competence in the majority culture while maintaining a positive ethnic identity is known asSelect one:a. subculture acceptance model.b. multicultural education. c. pluralistic society model. d. cultural assimilation model.

b. multicultural education.

Psychologist Daniel Goleman has advocated teaching emotional literacy in schools to promote self-awareness, self-regulation, and social skills. This program is referred to asSelect one:a. social coaching.b. emotional intelligence. c. peer counseling. d. academic readiness program.

b. emotional intelligence.

In the educational teaching method ___________, children work together in groups to achieve a common goal.Select one:a. assisted discovery b. reciprocal teachingc. the zone of proximal developmentd. cooperative learning

d. cooperative learning

Which of the following maximizes children's likelihood of success in school?Select one:a. Provide a place for children to play.b. Make children responsible for seeking out their own reading opportunities.c. Delay school entry so that students will be more mature and ready to learn.d. Talk to your children about current events, friends, and hobbies.

d. Talk to your children about current events, friends, and hobbies.

In the ___________, one word is paired with another that sounds like it.Select one:a. cognitive elaboration b. control strategy c. keyword strategy d. rehearsal

c. keyword strategy

A person's expectations that are capable of bringing about an outcome is known asSelect one:a. the teacher expectancy effect. b. the multicultural approach.c. self-fulfilling prophecy. d. the cultural effect.

c. self-fulfilling prophecy.

According to Erikson, one focus of school age children is to attain competence in meeting the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the other complexities of the modern world. In Erikson's psychosocial development, accomplishment of this goal is achieving ___________.Select one:a. industry b. identity c. inferiorityd. intimacy

a. industry

Results from research on children in lesbian and gay households have shown, when compared with children from heterosexual households, which of the following?Select one:a. Their behavior is much less gender typed.b. At adolescence, their sexual behavior is more promiscuous.c. Their sexual orientation is unrelated to that of their parents. d. Children in these households develop relatively slower.

c. Their sexual orientation is unrelated to that of their parents.

When Alejandro was in first grade, he described himself as tall and good at soccer and math. Now, in fifth grade, Alejandro talks about how he is friendly and helps his friends. This shift in self-understanding represents a shift from ___________ or internal characteristics to ___________ traits.Select one:a. psychosocial; physicalb. physical; psychosocialc. psychological; physical d. physical; psychological

d. physical; psychological

When Woody was telling his Mom about the other children in his class, he told her that one child was faster than him, one child was a better reader than him, one child was louder than him, but he was the tallest in the class! Woody is engaging in the process known asSelect one:a. social referencing. b. social comparison. c. physical comparison. d. peer comparison.

b. social comparison.

One strategy that parents can use to help bolster a child's self-esteem is to incorporate the ___________ style of parenting.Select one:a. permissive b. authoritarianc. authoritative d. reciprocal

c. authoritative

During middle childhood, the centerpiece of peer friendships isSelect one:a. common interests.b. common proximity. c. mutual trust. d. similar abilities.

c. mutual trust.

d. social competence.

Boys typically have larger networks of friends than girls do and the boys tend to play in groups with rigid status differences. These status rankings, also known as ___________, represent the relative social power of those in the group.Select one:a. status ranksb. humiliation ranksc. dominance hierarchy d. intimidation ranks

c. dominance hierarchy

One of the biggest challenges for middle school children is their increasing independence, as they move from being totally under the control of their parents to a period of ___________, in which children and parents jointly control behavior.Select one:a. cooperative controlb. co-regulation c. interdependenced. autonomous control

b. co-regulation

Children who let themselves into their home after school and wait alone until their caregivers return from work are known asSelect one:a. overscheduled childrenb. self-care children. c. after-school children.d. custodial children.

b. self-care children.