Cpr/First Aid 1 Flashcards
How many breaths and compressions do you perform for each cycle of CPR?
2 breaths and 30 compressions
How do you treat a cut / gash on a person's arm?
With clean dressing, put gauze pads on the cut. Hold for 1 minute and state that you are holding for 1 minute. If bleeding continues, place more clean gauze pads and hold 1 more minute with more pressure. Bleeding should subside. Wrap arm with some kind of bandage to maintain pressure.
To preform CPR on an infant the rescuer should do compressions at a rate of _____.
at least 100 compressions a minute
A young man was standing to close to a fire and the hair caught on fire. The fire was extinguished quickly but the skin on the forehead is mildly burned. You should ______.
Cool the burn with cold but not ice-cold water
What are the steps to checking a unconscious person?
Make sure scene is safe.Tap the victim's shoulder while asking "Are you okay?" Check for breathing and take carotid pulse.Give 30 compressions.Check for carotid pulse again.Begin CPR.
What are signs that indicate a medical emergency?
unusual noise, sight, odor, appearance, or behavior.
List some barriers to action.
- presence of other people- unsure of victim's condition, type of injury or illness- fear of catching disease- fear of doing something wrong- being unsure when to call 911
Name the 3 C's of first aid.
check, call, care.
What do you check for prior to administering care to a victim?
- scene safety- other victims- bystanders- signs and clues to what type of injury or condition victim has- ABC's (airway, breathing, and circulation)
How long should you check a victim's breathing?
5 to 10 seconds.
Define implied consent.
the assumption that a victim would give permission to treat them if he or she were conscious.
List some key facts about the transmission of disease.
- can be airborne, in a fluid, or vector (bite)- injured person must be infected for transmission to occur- rescuer has to have a break in skin- there must be sufficient amount of pathogens
Define pathogen.
a disease causing microorganism.
Provide care for first 2 minutes under what circumstances?
- unconscious adult, adolescent, or infant- witnessed collapse
Call FIRST under what circumstances?
- cardiac emergencies- drowning victims- unwitnessed collapse
List some common respiratory system problems.
- asthma- choking- anaphylaxis
List the circulatory organs.
- heart- blood- blood vessels
List some common circulatory system problems.
- cardiac arrest- heart attacks- blood clots
List the nervous system organs.
- brain- spinal cord- nerves
What is the function of the nervous system?
transmits messages to and from the brain to regulate all of the body and its systems.
List some common nervous system problems.
- paralysis- seizures- strokes- concussions- fainting- loss of consciousness.
List the musculoskeletal organs.
- bones- muscles- ligaments- tendons
What organs can you strain?
tendons
What organs can you sprain?
ligaments and muscles
List some common musculoskeletal system problems.
- breaks- tears- sprains- strains- fractures
List the integumentary organs.
- skin- nails- hair
What is the function of the integumentary system?
prevents infection and dehydration, and regulates body temperature.
List some common integumentary system problems.
- breaks- tears- punctures- lacerations- abrasions
List some common endocrine system problems.
- diabetes
List some common breathing emergencies.
- choking- illnesses- asthma- electrocution- shock- drowning- heart attack- allergic reactions- drugs- emphysema- bronchitis- croup- hyperventilation
Define asthma.
a condition that narrows the breathing passages and makes it difficult to breathe, caused by a spasm of the muscle lining in the bronchi.
List the signs and symptoms of asthma.
- wheezing- difficulty breathing- painful breathing
List the treatments for asthma.
- medications (inhaler, etc.)- fresh air
Define anaphylactic shock.
a severe allergic reaction that can restrict and swell a person's chest cavity and cause death.
List the causes of anaphylactic shock.
- insect stings- certain foods- medication
List the symptoms of anaphylactic shock.
- chest tightness- swelling of throat, face, and neck- difficulty breathing- dizziness- confusion
List the treatments for anaphylactic shock.
- injection of epinephrine, followed by the activation of EMS
Define hyperventilation.
occurs when breathing is faster than normal, imbalance of oxygen and carbon dioxide, occurs in nervous people, people who are in shock and tense.
List the treatments for hyperventilation.
- relax the victim, breathe into a bag
Describe general respiratory distress care.
Call 911.Help victim rest comfortably.Monitor ABC's (airway, breathing, and circulation).Keep victim from overheating or chilling.Assist victim in taking medications.
Respiratory distress can lead to _____.
respiratory arrest, body system deterioration, cardiac arrest, or death.
Describe the techniques used to stop choking.
5 back blows5 abdominal thrusts
List the symptoms of a heart attack.
- chest pain- chest heaviness- pale skin- weak pulse- nausea- vomiting- pain radiating to left arm- indigestion- shortness of breath- sweating
Describe proper heart attack care.
Call 911.Rest victim in comfortable position. Give victim nitroglycerin under tongue if available (1 every 3 minutes).Monitor ABC's (airway, breathing, and circulation).Aspirin if no Nitroglycerin if not allergic, ulcers or on blood thinners
Describe adult CPR guidelines.
- 2 hands on sternum- compress 2 inches- 30:2 compression to breaths ratio- 5 cycles in 2 minutes.
Describe child CPR guidelines.
- 1 hand on chest- rescue breathing rate is one every 3 seconds- compress 2 inches- 5 cycles in 2 minutes.- 30:2 compression to breaths ratio
Describe infant CPR guidelines.
- 2 fingers- rescue breathing rate is one every 3 seconds - mouth covers over mouth and nose during rescue breathing- compress 1 1/2 inches- 5 cycles in 2 minutes.
Describe the adult chain of survival.
- early activation of EMS- early CPR- rapid defribrillation- advanced life support- post-cardiac arrest care
Describe the pediatric chain of survival
- prevention of arrest- early CPR- rapid activation of EMS- advanced life support- post-cardiac arrest care
When do you stop CPR?
The rescuer should try not to stop. However, he or she may if:- he or she becomes so exhausted they cannot continue- someone of equal or greater training comes to take over- his or her personal safety is in danger (as in the scene is not safe)- the victim is pronounced dead by a medical doctor
List some of the causes of cardiac arrest.
- drugs- respiratory arrest- drowning- electrocution- weak heart- suffocation- firearm injuries- poison- genetic history factors
Define clotting.
process which blood thickens at a wound site to seal a hole or tear and stop bleeding.
Define direct pressure.
pressure applied on a wound to control bleeding
Define hemorrhage.
loss of a large amount of blood in a short period of time.
List the signs of internal bleeding.
- discoloration- tenderness- swollen, hard tissues- anxiety- restlessness- rapid breathing- cool, moist, pale skin- nausea- vomiting- excessive thirst- declining level of consciousness
Describe proper closed wound care.
Apply direct pressure.Apply cold pack.Call 911 if severe.
Describe minor open wound care.
Wash out.Apply sterile dressing with direct pressure.Apply antibiotic ointment.
Describe major open wound care.
DO NOT WASH.Apply clean dressing with direct pressure. Bandage. Call 911.
Describe care given for wounds caused by embedded objects.
Do NOT remove object unless it is preventing breathing.Use bulky bandages. Be careful not to further move object.Control bleeding.Call 911.
List some of the causes of burns.
- heat- chemicals- electricity- solar radiation.
List the signs and symptoms of first degree burns.
- red, dry skin- area is painful- area is swollen (superficial)
List the signs and symptoms of second degree burns.
- red, wet, skin- open and closed blisters- skin spotted and blotchy- area is painful- area is swollen- area is deep
List the signs and symptoms of third degree burns.
- brown or charred skin- tissue underneath appear white- painfulmay be life threatening
List the critical burn locations.
- face- hands- feet- genitals- airway
Describe proper burn care.
Stop burning process (extinguish fire).Cool the burned area. Cover the burned area with a bandage.Minimize shock.Call 911 if third degree burn.
List the signs and symptoms of stings and bites.
- stinger present- bite marks- pain- local swelling- rash- hives- nausea- difficulty breathing- itchiness
Describe proper care for stings and bites.
Remove stinger by scraping with fingernail or credit card. Only use tweezers with ticks. Wash wound and cover with bandage.Apply ice.Watch for allergic reactions.
List the signs and symptoms of spider bites.
- bite marks- sharp pain (black widow)- swelling and blistering (brown recluse)- pain- cramping- nausea- vomiting- difficulty breathing / swallowing- sweating- irregular heartbeat
Describe proper care for spider bites.
Go to doctor as soon as possible.Antivenin will be needed
List the signs and symptoms of snake bites.
- fang bite marks- pain- burning- swelling- tingling- numbness
Describe proper care for snake bites.
Wash.Apply ice and immobilize the body part. Call 911.Antivenin will be needed if pit viper bite
Describe proper jellyfish sting care.
Soak in vinegar or alcohol, or apply a baking soda paste made with water.
List some of the causes of head, neck, and back injuries.
- fall from height greater than one's own height- motor vehicle accidents - blunt forces- violence- lightning
List the symptoms of a head injury.
- change in level of consciousness- pain- pressure- tingling sensation- partial / complete paralysis- blood from ears / nose- seizures- vomiting- nausea- impaired vision- headache- loss of balance- bruising around head / eyes
When should you not use inline stabilization?
- if victim's head is severely angled- victim has pain, pressure, or muscle spasms- there is resistance when attempting to move head
Describe proper eye injury care.
Keep on back.Do not remove any embedded objects.Apply dressing around objectStabilize object with cup.Call 911.
List some common ear injuries.
- soft tissue damage - damage to eardrums- loss of hearing
Describe proper ear injury care.
Do NOT apply direct pressure. Cover lightly.Call 911.
scalp injury care
control bleeding with direct pressure, DO NOT apply direct pressure if skull feels spongy (indicates skull fracture).
Describe proper cheek injury care.
If bleeding occurs inside of the mouth, place dressings inside and apply direct pressure.Remove any embedded objects ONLY if impairs breathing. Pull object in same direction as it entered.Apply pressure outside of mouth.Sit and lean victim forward.
List the causes of a concussion.
- force to head
List the signs of a concussion.
- temporary impairment of brain- loss of consciousness- loss of memory- severe headaches
Describe proper concussion care.
Rest.Get medical help.There is a possibility that it could be severe
Describe proper nose injury care.
Sit victim with head forward and pinch noseApply ice.Call 911 if bleeding is caused by high blood pressure.
chest injury signs and symptoms
breathing difficulty, severe pain, obvious deformity, bruising, discoloration of skin, coughing up blood.
chest injury general care
posistion in comfortable way to aid breathing, if ribs are broken bind arm to injured side.
sucking chest wound care
apply occlusive dressing, treat other life threatening injuries, keep one corner of dressing open.
abdominal injury signs and symptoms
severe pain, external bleeding, nausea, vomitting, bruising, pale ashen moist skin, weakness, thirst, rigid abdomen, organs protruding from abs.
abdominal injury general care
lie victim on back, bend knees to reduce pain, call 911, control bleeding.
pelvis injury signs and symptons
protruding organs, pain, bruising, bleeding, severed body parts... same care as abdominal injuries.
soft splint
blankets, towels, pillows, slings.
rigid splints
boards, metal strips, folded magazines.
anatomic splints
refers to the use of the body like arms, legs.
commerical splint
traction with pulleys and weights.
slings and cravats
triangular bandages used to support arms, forearms, dressings, and bandaids.
splinting key points
support injured thing in posistion you found it, cover open wounds, check area above and below color/warmth/feeling, apply splint above and below, sling into place not directly over injury, check fingers/toes for circulation, elevate if possible, rest, apply ice, prevent shock.
arm injury general care
immobolize from shoulder to elbow, control bleeding, sling, if elbow injured DO NOT MOVE, call 911 if you can't find pulse.
lower extremity general care
control any bleeding, immobolize, rest in comfortable posistion, elevate if possible, support leg, monitor color/warmth/feeling, call 911 if suspected broken.
knee injuries
sprains, cuts, bruises, fractures, dislocations.
fainting (syncope)
temporary reduction of blood flow to the brain.
fainting signs and symptoms
complete loss of consciousness, temporary reduction of blood to head, collapse.
fainting general care
call 911, posistion on flat surface, monitor abc's, loosen clothing, recovery position
Define stroke.
disruption of blood flow to brain that can cause death or serious brain damage
List the signs and symptoms of a stroke.
- altered level of consciousness- look/feels ill- drooping of one side of face- sudden weakness- numbness- difficulty speaking or being understood- blurred vision- unequal pupils- severe headache- ringing in ears- drooling- loss of bladder control
Describe proper stroke care.
Call 911 fast.Monitor ABC's (airway, breathing, and circulation).Clear fluids from mouth.Reassure and comfort.Don't give food.
Define diabetes.
a condition where the pancreas does not produce insulin, which helps with glucose buildup.
List some key facts about type 1 diabetes.
- also known as juvenile diabetes- insulin dependent diabetes- body produces little or no insulin- must inject insulin into the body.
List some key facts about type 2 diabetes.
- also known as adult onset diabetes- non-insulin dependent- body produces insulin but not enough- is more common than type 1- can be controlled by diet
Define hypoglycemia.
a condition where the insulin level is too high and sugar level is too low.
Define hyperglycemia.
a condition where the insulin level too low and sugar is too high.
Describe proper diabetes care.
If conscious give sugary foods or drinks. If loss of consciousness call 911.
List key facts about seizures.
- sudden loss of body control - can be chronic called epilepsy- caused by fevers (febrile)- preceded by by aura,- feels and looks ill.
List the signs and symptoms of seizures.
- changes in level of consciousness- convulsions- fluids from mouth
Describe proper seizure care.
Allow seizure to occur. Protect victim from injuring self.Monitor ABC's (airway, breathing, and circulation). Clear mouth of fluids by positioning on side. Call 911 (especially if seizure is repeated, or if victim is pregnant, is in water, or has never had them before).
The effects of poisons depend on _____.
- type/amount of substance- how and where the poison entered- time elapsed- weight, size, and age of victim.
List some clues of poisoning.
- vomit- open drug containers- drug paraphernalia- discoloration of ski- irregular breathing- blue lips- consciousness- alcohol bottles- crushed plants- ill-prepared food
List the signs and symptoms of poisoning.
- nausea- vomiting- chest pain- abdominal pain- dizziness- sweating- seizures- skin discoloration- diarrhea- burns around mouth- headaches
What is used to induce vomiting?
syrup of ipecac
What does activated charcoal do?
neutralizes stomach and absorbs poisons.
When should vomiting NOT be induced?
- victim is unconscious- victim is having seizures- victim is pregnant in the last trimester- victim has ingested corrosive substance
What are the 4 ways one can be poisoned?
- ingestion- absorption- inhalation- injection
List some absorbed poisons.
- poison ivy- poison oak- poison sumac- wet and dry chemicals- lawn fertilizers
Describe proper absorbed poison care.
Wash area with calamine lotion.Take Benadryl or corticosteroids.
Describe proper ingested poison care.
Prevent by properly cooking and handling food.Give victim antibiotics.
List some inhaled poisons.
- carbon monoxide- paints - glues- gasoline
Describe proper inhaled poison care.
Get to fresh air.Treat breathing conditions.Call 911 if victim becomes or is unconscious.
List the signs and symptoms of frostbite.
- cold, discolored skin- lack of feeling- waxy look of skin- blisters- can be just nip, superficial, or deep.
Describe proper frostbite care.
Handle very carefully.Do NOT rub area.Place in warm water.Bandage loosely; if fingers and toes, place gauze in between each phalange.
List the signs and symptoms of hypothermia.
- anything below 95 degrees- shivering- slow irregular heart beat- numbness- apathy- change in level of consciousness- breathing difficulties
Describe proper hypothermia care.
Remove wet clothing. Call 911. Gradually rewarm by using dry blankets and giving warm liquids if conscious.
List the signs and symptoms of heat cramps.
- heavy sweating- rapid onset- pain- muscle spasms
Describe proper heat cramp care.
Rest in a cool place.Drink cool water.Stretch muscles.
List the signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion.
- cool, moist, pale skin- headaches- nausea- dizziness- weakness
List the signs and symptoms of heat stroke.
- sweating stops- red, hot, dry skin- rapid rise temperature- rapid or weak pulse- changes in consciousness- body systems begin to failcan lead to cardiac arrest
Describe proper heat stroke and exhaustion care.
Places ice packs under knees and wrists. Fan and cool body in any way possible.Call 911 if condition worsens.
List the signs of a heart attack.
- chest discomfort (uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain)- discomfort in other areas of upper body (one or both arms, the back, neck jaw or abdomen)- shortness of breath - cold sweat, nausea or light-headedness
List the signs of shock.
- weak, faint or dizzy - nauseous or thirsty - pale or grayish skin- restless, agitated or confused- cold and clammy to the touch
Describe proper shock care.
Help victim lie on back.Cover victim to keep the victim warm. Elevate the victim's legs (with a pillow).
Where do you check a pulse of an adult?
carotid artery (neck)
Where do you check a pulse for an infant?
brachial artery (upper arm)
FAST
Face DroopingArm that is weakSpeech SlurredTime noted when symptoms begin
RICE
Treatment for musculoskeletal injuries, rest, immobilize, cold, elevate