Criminology Flashcards ionicons-v5-c

"Awareness space" indicates that which crime is rational?

robbery

According to King and Sutto, which of the following does not trigger a hate crime?

Information on the Internet about how to spot undercover policewomen

At the end of the nineteenth century, the popularity of the classical approach began to decline as _____ criminologists focused their attention on internal and external factors, such as poverty, IQ, and education, rather than personal choice and decision making.

positivist

Fred is a 20-year-old who lives in a large metropolitan city. He graduated high school but decided that he would get a job immediately following high school instead of going to college. He thought making money at that moment was more important than furthering his education. Now, Fred realizes he is stuck at a dead-end job making minimum wage and is tired of working so many hours and making so little money. Fred is thinking about committing various crimes in order to supplement his income. All of the following would be considered offense-specific to burglary that Fred might consider except ______.

Fred's immediate need for money

Fred is a 20-year-old who lives in a large metropolitan city. He graduated high school but decided that he would get a job immediately following high school instead of going to college. He thought making money at that moment was more important than furthering his education. Now, Fred realizes he is stuck at a dead-end job making minimum wage and is tired of working so many hours and making so little money. Fred is thinking about committing burglary in order to supplement his income. Fred would also consider his needs, skills, and prerequisites to commit burglary. Which of the following would not be an offender-specific assessment that Fred would make?

The ease of selling stolen merchandise

Fred is a 20-year-old who lives in a large metropolitan city. He graduated high school but decided that he would get a job immediately following high school instead of going to college. He thought making money at that moment was more important than furthering his education. Now, Fred realizes he is stuck at a dead-end job making minimum wage and is tired of working so many hours and making so little money. Fred is thinking about committing burglary in order to supplement his income.In order for people to best protect their personal property from people like Fred, they would need to improve the effectiveness of crime _________________, which are people who serve as guardians of property or people who can help control would-be criminals.

discouragers

Fred is a 20-year-old who lives in a large metropolitan city. He graduated high school but decided that he would get a job immediately following high school instead of going to college. He thought making money at that moment was more important than furthering his education. Now, Fred realizes he is stuck at a dead-end job making minimum wage and is tired of working so many hours and making so little money. Fred is thinking about committing burglary in order to supplement his income.In regard to the term diffusion, what might influence Fred to move to a different community to commit his burglaries?

Increased police patrols in the neighborhood

Fred is a 20-year-old who lives in a large metropolitan city. He graduated high school but decided that he would get a job immediately following high school instead of going to college. He thought making money at that moment was more important than furthering his education. Now, Fred realizes he is stuck at a dead-end job making minimum wage and is tired of working so many hours and making so little money. Fred begins committing burglary in order to supplement his income.Fred hears on the local news about Senate Bill 101.c, which states that the first conviction for burglary will result in a mandatory 10-year sentence. Out of fear for this punishment, Fred no longer commits burglaries. This is most related to ______.

general deterrence

Jacob's and Wright's research on robbers indicates that target selection can be a rational choice made to ____ rather than to generate capital.

to send a message

Marcus Felson argues that the risk of crime may be increased by improving the effectiveness of crime _____.

discouragers

Situational crime prevention tactics generally fall into one of four categories. Which of the following is not one of those categories?

Increasing the use of probation for committing crime

That thieves select German cars indicates that auto theft is rational because ______.

German cars usually have high-quality audio equipment

Trevor is a habitual criminal offender. He has committed dozens of robberies and hundreds of burglaries, and has stolen approximately 30 vehicles. Trevor was 14 when he was first arrested for stealing a car. He is now 44 years old and just got out of prison. He spent 10 years in prison for an armed robbery.The judge explained to Trevor at his sentencing hearing 10 years ago that if he is arrested and convicted of another crime after he serves his 10 years, he is likely to get a lifetime prison sentence under strict sentencing guidelines. Trevor remembers the words of the judge when he is released from prison. If the judge's words are what have convinced Trevor to remain crime free, what crime control policy has successfully kept Trevor a law-abiding citizen?

General deterrence

Trevor is a habitual criminal offender. He has committed dozens of robberies and hundreds of burglaries, and has stolen approximately 30 vehicles. Trevor was 14 when he was first arrested for stealing a car. He is now 44 years old and just got out of prison. He spent 10 years in prison for an armed robbery. According to the ______________ effect, while in prison for 10 years, Trevor was prevented from committing further offenses.

incapacitation

Trevor is a habitual criminal offender. He has committed dozens of robberies and hundreds of burglaries, and has stolen approximately 30 vehicles. Trevor was 14 when he was first arrested for stealing a car. He is now 44 years old and just got out of prison. He spent 10 years in prison for an armed robbery.About one month after his release, Trevor is frustrated that he has been unable to find a job. He is living on his sister's couch and is tired of hearing her complain about him eating all the food in the house. He feels he has no other option but to get money quickly. He develops a plan to rob the local convenience store late one night. As he walks toward the convenience store, he notices that there are a lot of police officers doing a DUI checkpoint about a half a mile down the road. He decides that it would not be wise to attempt to commit this robbery. What effect has occurred here?

Diffusion

Trevor is a habitual criminal offender. He has committed dozens of robberies and hundreds of burglaries, and has stolen approximately 30 vehicles. Trevor was 14 when he was first arrested for stealing a car. He is now 44 years old and just got out of prison. He spent 10 years in prison for an armed robbery.Trevor spent his 10-year sentence in a maximum-security prison. There he witnessed assaults and even murders. Oftentimes, he was in fear for his life. Reflecting back on the past 10 years and what he was exposed to, Trevor is determined to never again commit a crime that will cause him to end up in prison. What crime control policy is in effect here?

Specific deterrence

Trevor is a habitual criminal offender. He has committed hundreds of burglaries and has stolen approximately 30 vehicles. Trevor was 14 when he was first arrested for stealing a car. He is now 44 years old and just got out of prison. He spent 10 years in prison for an armed robbery.When interviewed by a reporter, Trevor's sister tried to explain his life of crime. She said that he was a risk taker who seemed to love the thrill and excitement of burglary. Only the threat of severe punishment could stop him. Which version of classical theory describes Trevor?

James Q. Wilson's view

Trevor is a habitual criminal offender. He has committed hundreds of burglaries and has stolen approximately 30 vehicles. Trevor was 14 when he was first arrested for stealing a car. He is now 44 years old and just got out of prison. He spent 10 years in prison for an armed robbery.There was only one time when Trevor acted with violence. When he saw a police car patrolling a neighborhood, Trevor backed out of a plan to steal a car. His fellow burglar called him a chicken and a baby. Trevor beat the other guy up. Which type of provocation motivated Trevor?

Personalistic

Which aspect of deterrence theory do theorists believe to have the greatest effect on deterring crime?

Certainty of punishment

Which statement reflects structuring criminality based on economic need?

Offenders commit crime because they may know people who have made "big scores."

Burglars appear to choose targets on the basis of their value, novelty, and resale potential.

True

Diffusion of benefits occurs when efforts to prevent one crime unintentionally prevent another.

True

James Q. Wilson asserted that if people could be convinced that their criminal conduct would bring severe punishment, only totally irrational people would engage in crime.

True

Less than one-third of all convicted felons are rearrested within three years of their release from prison.

False

Marginal deterrence occurs when a relatively more severe penalty will produce some reduction in crime.

True

Rational choice theory has its roots in classical criminology and the work of Cesare Beccaria.

True

Sociologist Jack Katz argues that there are immediate benefits to criminality, which he labels the "lures of crime."

False

The concept behind rational choice theory is that crime is a function of a decision-making process in which the potential offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act.

True

The major premise of incapacitation is that known criminals must be kept in prison and this will reduce crime rates.

True

There is little evidence that incapacitating criminals will deter them from future criminality.

True

The branch of social science that uses the scientific method of the natural sciences and suggests that human behavior is a product of social, biological, or economic forces which can one can measure empirically is known as the Classical School of Criminology

False

Mala in se crimes, such as murder, rape, reflect which view of crime?

Consensus view of crime

Which of the following places the decision points of the criminal justice system in order of their occurrence?

Custody, arraignment, adjudication, disposition

The juvenile delinquency research of Eleanor and Sheldon Glueck (in the 1940s and 1950s) profoundly influenced criminology and formed the basis for today's trait theory.

False

According to the biological/ psychological perspective, which type of forces account for crime?

Internal

Over the past decades, it has been shown that criminological research has been influenced by government funding linked to topics the government wants researched and topics the government wishes to avoid.

True

Social science

...

Governor Smith is interested in overhauling the criminal justice system in a state. He realizes that this is a huge endeavor and will need the help of many experts in the field who make up the agencies of social control. He begins assembling his team to look at crime and the criminal justice system in his state. The lawyers on his team believe that acts prohibited by the criminal law constitute behaviors considered unacceptable and impermissible. They believe that government should achieve a number of social goals when outlawing certain behaviors. Which common goal is said to have been met by applying criminal punishments that are designed to prevent crimes before they occur?

Deterring criminal behavior

Donald was arrested for murdering an acquaintance. At the trial, Donald takes the stand and testifies that he and the victim knew each other. He admits that they would drink and use drugs together. One night while "partying," Donald explains in his testimony, ans argument got out of hand during a card game. Donald explains that the victim accused him of cheating and pulled out a knife on him and started swinging it in the air. Donald said that he had no choice but to pull his gun and shoot the victim. The jury convicted Donald of manslaughter. Who would argue that Donald weighed the potential costs and benefits of shooting the victim him of cheating and pulled out testimony, an argument got out of no choice but to pull out and decided to pull the trigger as a result of free will?

A rational choice theorist

Ceaseare Beccaria, in the 1700s, was one of the first scholars to develop a systematic understanding of why people commit crime. Beccaria helped to form the core of what today is referred to as _________ criminology

Classical

Approximately how many people have been arrested each year for serious felony offenses?

12 million

Which concept of crime implies that crimes are behaviors that all members of society consider to be repugnant, be they rich and powerful or poor and powerless?

Consensus view of crime

Marvin Wolfgang's 1958 study Patterns in Criminal Homicide is an example of which subarea of the criminologist enterprise?

Understanding and describing criminal behavior

False

British common law

Donald was arrested for murdering an acquaintance. At the trial, Donald takes the stand and testifies that he and the victim knew each other. He admits that they would drink and use drugs together. One night while "partying," Donald explains in his testimony, an argument got out of hand during a card game. Donald explains that the victim accused him of cheating and pulled out a knife on him and started swinging it in the air. Donald said that he had no choice but to pull out his gun and shoot the victim. The jury convicted Donald of manslaughter.According to Marvin Wolfgang, the incident described above is best characterized as a ________.

victim- precipitated homicide

Under common law, if a new rule was successfully applied in a number of different cases, it would become a precedent

True

Donald was arrested for murdering an acquaintance. At the trial, Donald takes the stand and testifies that he and the victim knew each other. He admits that they would drink and use drugs together. One night while "partying," Donald explains in his testimony, an argument got out of hand during a card game. Donald explains that the victim accused him of cheating and pulled out a knife on him and started swinging it in the air. Donald said that he had no choice but to pull out his gun and shoot the victim. The jury convicted Donald of manslaughter.What subarea of criminology would be most interested in understanding the victim's role in Donald's case?

Victimology

Developmental criminologists trace criminal careers over the life course.

True

Under common law, if a royal judge successfully applied a ruling in a number of different subsequent decisions, the ruling would become __________.

A precedent

A statutory requirement that a certain penalty shall be carried out in all cases of conviction for specified offense or series of offenses in known as ________.

mandatory sentencing

An evaluation of the Risk- Need- Responsivity (RNR) program, which classifies people on probation, among other things, has been found to cut recidivism rates for high-risk offenders by as much as 20 percent.

True

A deviant act becomes a crime when it is defined, ________.

prohibited, and punishment under criminal law

nolle prosequi refers to the notion of "no prosecution," or cases in which the state has so much evidence against the defendant that a trial is not needed in order to convict the accused.

True

Agencies of social control include all of the following except

legislatures

The most famous set of written laws of the ancient world was a code based on punishment via physical retaliation, "an eye for an eye," but the severity of punishment was dependent on one's class standing. This code was known as the _________.

Code of Hammurabi

The ___________ was a group of urban sociologists who examined how neighborhood conditions, such as poverty levels, influenced crime rates. Their sociological vision transformed into social structure theory.

Chicago School

The academic discipline of criminology uses scientific methods to study the __________ of criminal behavior

nature, extent, cause, and control

Donald was arrested for murdering an acquaintance. At the trial, Donald takes the stand and testifies that he and the victim knew each other. He admits that they would drink and use drugs together. One night while "partying," Donald explains in his testimony, an argument got out of hand during a card game. Donald explains that the victim accused him of cheating and pulled out a knife on him and started swinging it in the air. Donald said that he had no choice but to pull out his gun and shoot the victim. The jury convicted Donald of manslaughter.Assuming Donald's guilt, rehabilitation would begin at what phase of the criminal justice process?

Incarceration

Interactionist view of crime