Criminology Flashcards
Secondary Deviance
A norm violation or crime that comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents, who apply a negative label that has long term consequences for the violators self identity and social interactions.
Differential Association Theory
people learn to commit crime from exposure and anti social definitions.
Neutralization Theory
Youth learn ways of neutralizing moral restraints and periodically drift in and out of criminal behavior patterns
Hirschis Control theory
a persons bond to society prevents him or her from violating social rules. if the bond weakens the person is free to commit crime.
Labeling theory
people enter into law violating careers when they are labeled and organize their personalities around the labels
social process theory
The view that criminality is a function of people's interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society.
social learning theory
The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.
social control theory
a theory of delinquency that links deviance with the absence of bonds to society main institutions
social reaction theory
Suggests that people become criminals when significant members of society label them as such
socialization
The process by which people learn customs and values of their culture.
parental efficacy
the ability of parents to be supportive of their children and effectively control them in noncoercive ways
differential association theory
a theory that explains deviance as a learned behavior determined by the extent of a person's association with individuals who engage in such behavior
culture conflict
manifests itself whenever a person experiences conflicting thoughts, feelings, or behaviors due to divided cultural loyalties
drift
movement in and out of delinquency
neutralization techniques
METHODS OF RATIONALIZING DEVIANT BEHAVIOR SUCH AS DENYING RESPONSIBLITY OR BLAMING THE VICTIM.
self control
a strong moral sense that renders a person incapable of hurting others or violating social norms
commitment to conformity
A strong personal investment in conventional institutions, individuals, and processes that prevents people from engaging in behavior that might jeopardize their reputation and achievements
social bonds
the ties that bond people to society
moral entrepreneur
Person who creates moral rules, which reflect the values of those in power rather than any objective universal standards of right and wrong.
stigmatize
to brand with disgrace; to set a mark of disgrace upon
successful degradation ceremony
A course of action or ritual in which someone's identity is publicly redefined and destroyed and he or she is thereafter viewed as socially unacceptable.
retrospective reading
17. ______ is the process in which the past of the labled person is reviewed and reevaluated to fit his or her current status.
primary deviance
Norm violations that a person commits for the first time and without considering them deviant
secondary deviance
deviance in which an individual's life and identity are organized around breaking society's norms
deviance amplification
Process whereby secondary deviance pushes offenders out of mainstream society and locks them into an escalating cycle of deviance, apprehension, labeling, and criminal self-identity
racial profiling
Police targeting of racial minorities as potential suspects of criminal activities.
reflected appraisal
messages you receive from others that assess your self concept
diversion programs
sentences that keep offenders out of prison; for example, suspended sentences and probation
restitution
community service or paying in order not to face trial
Left realism
crime is a function of relative deprivation; criminals prey on the poor
Critical feminist theory
The Capitalist system creates patriarchy, which oppresses woman
Power-Control Theory
girls are controlled more closely then boys in traditional male dominated households; there is gender equity in contemporary egalitarian homes
peacemaking criminology
Peace and humanism can reduce crime; conflict resolution strategies can work
social conflict
the struggle for power in society. human behavior in social contexts results from conflicts between competing groups
critical criminologists
Criminologists who believe that the cause of crime can be linked to economic, social, and political disparity
power
The ability of persons and groups to control the behavior of others. to shape public opinion, and to define deviance
supranational criminology
Comprising the study of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the penal system in which such crimes are prosecuted and tried
instrumental theorists
Critical criminologist who view the law and justice system as serving the interests of the upper classes
structural theorists
Critical criminologist who believe the law is designed to keep the capitalist system operating in an effective manner
surplus value
the excess profits that are produced by the laboring classes and accrued by business owners
marginalization
Groups lacking desirable traits are excluded from society. These groups include poor, uneducated, undesirable color and language. These groups will stay on the margin of acceptance by society unless there is social intervention.
globalization
The creation and maintenance of transnational markets
State (organized) crime
criminal acts committed by government officials
extraordinary rendition
The practice of sending suspected terrorists to foreign prisons that permit torture in the interrogation of suspects
dropout factories
High schools in which the completion rate is consistently 40% or less. (page 209)
left realism
an approach that is left leaning but realistic in its appraisal of crime and its causes. crime is seen as class conflict in an advanced industrial society
preemptive deterrence
Efforts to prevent crime through community organization and youth involvement
critical feminism
View that gender inequality is a result of the exploration of women in a male-dominated society
patriarchal
the system of society or government controlled by men
hegemonic masculinity
the belief in the existence of a culturally normative ideal of male behavior
paternalistic families
Families in which fathers assume the traditional role of breadwinners, while mothers tend to have menial jobs or remain at home to supervise domestic matters
role exit behaviors
In order to escape from a stifling life in male-dominated families, girls may try to break away by running away and or even attempting suicide.
egalitarian families
Families in which spouses share similar positions of power at home and in the workplace.
power control theory
a criminological theory that maintains that the structure of gender relations within the family explains gender differences in the crime rate
peacemaking
An approach that considers punitive crime control strategies to be counter productive and favors the use of humanistic conflict resolution to prevent and control crimes
Restorative justice
A view of justice that focuses on the needs of victims, the community, and offenders, and focuses on non punitive strategies to heal the wounds caused by crime
reintegrative shaming
the concept that people can be reformed if they understand the harm they have caused and are brought back into the social mainstream
sentencing circle
a method of dispensing justice involving discussion between offenders, victims, and members of the community
life course theory
Theory that focuses on changes in criminality over the life course brought about by shifts in experience and life events
propensity theory
stable unchanging feature, characteristic property or condition such as defective intelligence or impulsive personality, makes some people crime prone
trajectory theory
the view that there are multiple independent paths to a criminal career and that there are different types and classes of offenders
criminal career
Engaging in antisocial acts early in adolescence and continuing illegal behaviors into adulthood. A pattern of persistent offending across the life course
developmental theory
the view that criminality is a dynamic process influenced by social experiences as well as individual characteristics
life course theory
Theory that focuses on changes in criminality over the life course brought about by shifts in experience and life events
propensity theory
stable unchanging feature, characteristic property or condition such as defective intelligence or impulsive personality, makes some people crime prone
latent trait
A stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition, present at birth or soon after, that makes some people crime prone over the life course
trajectory theory
the view that there are multiple independent paths to a criminal career and that there are different types and classes of offenders
population heterogeneity
Propensity to commit crime is stable; those who have it continue to commit crime over their life course
state dependence
The propensity to commit crime profoundly and permanently disrupts normal socialization. Early rule breaking strengthens criminal motivation and increases the probability of future rule breaking.
early onset
the view that kids that begin engaging in antisocial behaviors at a very early age are the ones most at risk for a criminal career
problem behavior syndrome
A CLUSTER OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIORS THAT MAY INCLUDE FAMILY DISFUNCTION.
age graded theory
Sampson and Laub's theory that individual traits and childhood experiences are important to understand onset of delinquent and criminal behavior
turning points
According to LAUB and SAMPSON, the life events that alter the development of a criminal career.
social Capital
positive life sustaining relations with individuals and institutions
cumulative disadvantage
the tendency of prior social problems to produce future ones and undermine success
propensity
an innate natural inclination or tendency to behave in a particular way or pattern
general theory of crime
Gottfredson and Hirschi's developmental theory that links crime to impulsivity and a lack of self control
self control
to a persons ability to exercise restraint and control over his or her feelings emotions reactions and behaviors
impulsive
lacking in thought or deliberation in decision making. and impulsive person lacks close attention to details has organizational problems and is distracted and forgetful
authority conflict pathway
pathway to deviance that begins at an early age with stubborn behavior and leads to defiance and then to authority avoidance
covert pathway
Pathway to criminal career that behinds with minor underhanded behavior, leads to property damage, and eventually escalates to more serious forms to theft and fraud
overt pathway
Path to a criminal career that begins with minor aggression, leads to physical fighting, and eventually escalates to violent crime
adolescent-limited offenders
kids who get into minor scrapes as youth but whose misbehavior ends when they enter adulthood
life course persisters
Delinquents who begin their offending career at a very early age and continue to offend well into adulthood
abstainers
Adolescents who do not engage in any deviant behavior, a path that places then outside the norm for their age group
people to know
edwin h Sutherland -differential association Greshams sykes nd david matza- neutralization theoryVolkin topalli- learning theory pg179travis hirschi- social control theory (cause of deliq) Edwin lemerts- primary and secondary deviance karl marx- critical criminology / conflict theory Richard quinney- the social reality f crime/ conflict theory of crimehoward zinn- disobedience and democracy alette smeulers, roelof haveman- supranational crimesJim Messerschmidt- masculinity and crimeJohn Hagan- power control theory Howard Zehr- restorative justice Rolf Loeber- pathways to crime Hirschi and Gottfredson- self control theory Sampson and Laub- life course theory Herrnstein and Wilson- integrated theory Terrie Moffit- developmental theory of crime Sykes and Matza- techniques of neutralization David Farrington- integrated cognitive antisocial potential