Foi Flashcards
Define Learning
A change in behavior as a result of experience.
What are the basic characteristics of learning?
PEMA:-Learning is Purposeful: matches students intentions and goals.-Learning is a result of Experience: an individual process.-Learning is Multifaceted: While learning the subject at hand, student may be learning other things as well. -Learning is an Active process: Student must react and respond.
What are the principals (laws) of learning?
REEPIR:-Readiness: Student will make more progress with strong purpose and a clear objectives.-Exercise: things most often repeated are best remembered.-Effect: Learning is strengthened by a pleasant or satisfying feeling and weakened by an unpleasant feeling. -Primacy: What is taught must be right the first time.-Intensity: Vivid, dramatic and the real thing teaches more.-Recency: things most recently learned and best remembered.
What is the basis of all learning?
All learning comes from perceptions directed to the brain from the five senses.
How do people learn?
PIM:-Perception: Input to the brain from the five senses.-Insight: Grouping perceptions into meaningful whole.-Motivation: Most dominant force governing the student's progress and learning.
What are the levels of learning?
RUAC:-ROTE: Repeating back what has been learned without understanding it.-UNDESTANDING: comprehending what has been learned.-APPLICATION: Using what has been learned.-CORRELATION: Associating what has been learned with other things previously learned or encountered.
What are the 9 principles applied in learning a skill?
-Physical skill involves more than muscles: Perceptions change as the skill becomes easier.-Desire to learn: Rapid progress takes place with a desire to learn.-Pattern to follow: Best way to prepare a student is to provide a clear step by step example.-Perform the skill: need coordination between muscle, visual and tactile senses.-Knowledge of result: Being aware of students progress.-Progress follows a pattern: Rapid improvements in the early stages followed by a leveling off (plateau).-Duration & organization of the lesson: Length of time devoted to practice is very important.-Evaluation vs. critique: In the early stages, suggestions (critique) are more valuable than a grade (evaluation).-Application of the skill: Must use what has been learned until the skill becomes easy.
Why do people forget?
DIR:-Disuse:Forgetting of things not used.-Interference: Certain experience has overshadowed it or learning of similar thing has intervened.-Repression: Subconscious & protective forgetting of things.
How can instructor assist the student in remembering what has been learned?
ASPAR:-Association: Linking groups of info. promotes recall-Senses: Learning with all the senses is the most efficient.-Praise: giving a pleasurable return to responses.-Attitude: People remember what they wish to know.-Repetition: 3 to 4 times provides max effect.
What is transfer of learning?
Applying knowledge from one context to another.Can be positive or negative.
How does the formation of habits affect the learning process?
Correct habit patterns from the beginning of any learning process is essential (PRIMACY). Avoid having to unlearn bad habits later.
Why is the control of human behavior important to an instructor?
-The relationship between the instructor and the student has a huge impact on how much the student learns.-It is the instructors responsibility to know what controls are best for a given circumstance and student.-Instructor directs and controls the behavior of the student and guides them toward a goal.
What are the 5 basic human needs?
PSSES:-Physical: Most basic, Water, food, rest and protection from the elements.(person cant concentrate fully on learning until the physical need are meet).-Safety: Protection against danger.-Social: To belong, give and receive friendship.(does the student feel comfortable being at school?)-Ego: Is about feeling good about ones self, accomplished in two ways:Internally: Meeting ones own standardsExternally: Recognition, appreciation, and respect of associates.A balanced ego results in self-confidence, independence, achievement, competence, and knowledge.-Self fulfillment: The realization of one's own potential for continued development.
What are the defense mechanisms?
CPR DR FAR:-Compensation: Attempt to cover a week quality by emphasizing a more positive one.-Projection: Blames others for their shortcomings and mistakes.-Rationalization: Making excuses (the wind).-Denial: Ignore or refuse to acknowledge disagreeable realities (No, I don't think that was unsafe).-Reaction formation: Developing opposing attitude and behavior (Who cares about what people think but, in reality they do).-Flight: Daydreaming or physically avoiding something.-Aggression: Aggressive act.-Resignation: Student becomes so frustrated they give up.
How can an instructor provide a positive & efficient learning experience?
PPPTE:-devise Plan of action.-create Positive student- instructor relationship.-Present info & guidance effectively.-Transfer responsibility to the student as learning occurs.-Evaluate student learning & use to measure teaching effectiveness.
What are the basic elements of communication?
SSR:-Source: The speaker-Symbol: The words-Receiver: The student
What are the barriers to effective communication?
COIL:-Confusion between to symbol & symbolized object.-Over use of abstracts -Interference: Can be physical or environmental.-Lack of common experience:
How can the instructor teach the student to be a good listener?
DUMBREN:-Daydream avoidance-listen to Understand not refute-listen for Main ideas-Be responsible for listening-be Ready to listen-be Emotionally calm-Note taking
What rules can an instructor follow to ensure good human relations & minimize student frustration?
MIICCCE:-keep student Motivated (when they see benefits & purpose of the lesson, enjoyment & effort increases). -treat student as an Individual.-keep student informed (what is expected of them & their progress).-Criticize constructively (What is Wrong & show how to correct it).-give Credit when credit is do.-be Consistent.-admit Errors.
What obstacles prevent learning?
UIWDAA:-feeling of Unfair treatment(decreases motivation).-Impatience to get to more interesting topic (present training one step at a time).-Worry or lack of interest (If mind is elsewhere will learn very little from the exercise).-Discomfort (if not comfortable or sick will learn slower).-Apathy fostered by poor instruction.-Anxiety slows students development of insight.
Teaching of new material (teaching process) can be reduced to:
-Preparation: Lesson plan determining objectives and how the achievement will be measured.-Presentation: The nature of the subject matter will determine the type. Lecture Demonstration/performance Telling and Doing Gilded discussion-Application: Is were the student uses what the instructor has presented.-Review & Evaluation: Review what has been covered before end of lesson and make sure student is aware of their progress (fixing any deficiencies).
What is the purpose of the objectives?
To bring the lesson into focus, by letting the student know what is going to be covered and what is expected of them.
What are the 3 most common methods of presenting a lesson?
-Lecture method: Good for presenting new material, summarizing ideas & showing relationship between theory and practice.-Demonstration performance: Good for teaching a skill.-Guided discussion: Used in a classroom, good for encouraging active participation.
What are the 3 parts to organizing a lesson and the purpose of each?
-Introduction: (AMO)Attention-Story, video question or jokeMotivation- Why is topic important?Objectives- What will be covered-Development: Achieving desired learning by logically organizing material. -Conclusion:(RRR)Retrace- the steps.Review- main pointsRelate- how lesson leads to success
How should you organize the development part of a lesson?
-Simple to complex-Known to unknown-Past to present-Most frequently used to least frequently used
Describe the lecture method and the types of lectures.
The lecture is used to present new material, summarize ideas and to show relationship between theory and practice.Types:-Illustrated talk:heavy reliance on visual aids.-Briefing: facts without supporting material.-Formal lecture: little participation from listeners.-Teaching lecture: Involving student participation.
Describe the guided discussion method
-Use of lead-off & follow up questions (what or why)to draw out what the student knows rather than telling them.-More intense the discussion, greater the participation the more effective the learning. -Treat everyone impartially, encourage questions, exercise patience, comment on all discussion.-Never ridicule or use sarcasm.
What are the types of questions that may be used in a guided diction?
(DORRR)-Direct: Used to get a response from a specific individual.-Overhead: Directed to an entire group, used to stimulate thought & response.-Rhetorical: Used to stimulate thought, usually asked & answered by the instructor.-Reverse: Instructor redirects the students questioning an effort to let the student provide the answer (question with a question). -Relay: Instructor redirects students question to the group for an answer instead of the individual.
Describe the Demonstration-performance method of presentation.
-Explanation: What is the objective?-Demonstration: Of the actions needed to perform the skill.-Performance: Student must practice.-Supervision: Give the student enough time to perform the activity & soon as possible after demonstration.-Evaluation: Instructor judges the students performance.
What are the steps in the telling and doing method of presentation?
-Preparation-Instructor tells - Instructor does-Student tells - Instructor does-Student tells - Student does-Student does - Instructor evaluates
What is computer based training?
The use of a computer as a training device.Effective because, its interactive and the student can progress at their own rate.Computer base training should be used as an aid to training and not the sole means of training.
What are the characteristics of an effective question for the guided discussion method of presentation?
(DRCSSS)-Definite answer-Relates to previous info.-Clear in meaning-Specific purpose-Single idea-Stimulates thought
What is the purpose of a critique?
To improve the students performance by providing them with something constructive to work and build on.
What are the characteristics of an effective critique?
(FACTCOWS)-Flexible: Instructor need to examine the entire performance and the circumstances in which it is was accomplished.-Acceptable: Student must accept the instructors criticism by accepting the instructor at qualified.-Comprehensive: Cover both strengths and weaknesses.-Thoughtful: Taking the students ego into account. Don't make them feel bad-Constructive: Giving positive guidance to fix faults & weaknesses.-Objective: Should be based off the students performance and not biases of the instructor.-Well organizes: Following a pattern that makes sense to the instructor & student.-Specific: Instructor comments should be specific.
What are the different methods for critiquing a student?
- Instructor/student critique: Group discussion were students are to offer criticism of a performance.-Student led critique: Instructor asks student to led the critique.-Small group critique: Class is divided into small groups to analyze a specific area of the performance.-Student critiqued by another student: Another student presents the critique.-Self-critique: Student critiques own performance.-Written critique:
What guidelines should you follow when critiquing a student?
(DAAWT)-Don't defend critique: -Avoid absolutes: most rules have exceptions.-Allow summary time-re-emphasize important points.-Written same as oral--Time: don't go over scheduled time.
What is the difference between a critique and an evaluation?
-Critique: Provide feedback to improve performance, In beginning of training its more beneficial that a evaluation.-Evaluation: Test with a grade. Good way to determine how student is progressing in the cores.
What are the three common types of evaluation?
-Oral quiz-Written test-Performance test
What are the characteristics of an effective oral question?
(POP CBM)-Prepared in advance-One correct answer-Pertinent- Applies to the subject of instruction.-Clear: in meaning-Brief-Meets students stage of training
What types of oral questions should be avoided?
(PITTBOD)-Puzzle: question with many parts. -Irrelevant: question not related to topic.-Toss-up: question were their is more than one correct answer.-Trick: question that causes student to think they are engaged in a battle of wits.-Bewilderment: question that is not clear, too complex and confusing.-Oversized: question that is too general. -Discriminating: doesn't reflect bias of the grader.
How should the instructor respond to student questions?
- Make sure question is understood before answering.-After answering, determine student is satisfied with the answer.-Admit to not knowing, but should get the answer or look it up with the student.
How can an instructor effectively listen to a student?
(DDDLBBTAWC)-Don't interrupt the student-Don't judge-Don't insist on the last word-Listen for underlying feelings: why did student ask the question?-Be close enough to hear-Be aware of biases: don't let personal opinions intrude.-Think before answering-Avoid rehearsing answers-Watch your own non-verbal behavior-Concentrate- give student your total focus
What are the characteristics of a good written test?
(CURVOD)-Comprehensive: must sample a good cross-section of the overall objectives of the course.-Usability: easy to understand & grade.-Reliability: yields consistent results.-Validity: test measures what it is supposed to measure.-Objectivity: not reflecting the instructors bias (same grade no mater who grades it).-Discrimination: test will detect small differences in performance.
What is Norm-reference testing?
The measuring of a students performance against the performance of other students.
What is Criterion reference testing?
The measuring of the students performance against written, standards or criterion.
How are written tests developed?
-Develop the level of learning objectives-List indicators of the desired behavior-Establish criterion objectives-Develop criterion reference items
What is the purpose of the PTS?
-Outlines the standards for a DPE to conduct tests for certificates and ratings. -Objective of the PTS is to ensure certification at a high level of performance, proficiency and safety.-PTS is a reference for training. -PTS standards are the minimum acceptable stand to be met. Its the instructors job to train the student to PTS on the students worst day.
What are the responsibilities of the aviation instructor?
(HEEPD)-Help the student learn: enjoyable experience with clear objective.-Emphasize the positive: Not overwhelming the student with the critical possibilities before seeing aviation's potential and pleasure.-Ensure aviation safety: keep the student safe. -Provide adequate instruction: adjusting instruction to students personality, thinking and ability.-Demand adequate performance: don't allow the student to get by with a poor understanding or performance.
Define professionalism?
-Someone who is fully qualified as a pilot.-Study & research: striving to maintain highest level of knowledge.-Extensive training & preparation: striving to maintain highest level proficiency.-Good judgment-Ethical
List five instructor DO's & Don'ts
DO'S:-Be professional-Be sincere-Keep student informed-Approach student as individual-Be consistentDONT'S:-Model irresponsible behaviors-Say one thing and do another -Disrespect the student-Set student up for failure-Use of profanity
What are the important personal characteristics of a flight instructor?
(ASSPADS)-Acceptance of students:-Sincerity: straightforward & honest-Safety & accident prevention: practices emphasized by the instructor has a lasting effect on the student.-Proper language: normally, positively & descriptively.-Appearance & habits: neat, clean & respectful.-Demeanor: calm, putting student at ease.-Self-improvement: Always trying to get better.
What are considerations for dealing with student stress?
-Some stress is good: Heightening awareness & performance.-Too much stress is bad: CFI must be alert if stress is affecting performance.-Anxiety: most significant psychological factor affecting flight instruction.
What is a normal reaction to stress?
Responds rapidly & exactly within the limits of training & experience. Thinks rapidly, acts rapidly & sensitive to all aspects of the surroundings.
What are abnormal reactions to stress?
Actions are random, illogical or inadequate.Excessive changes in mood on different lessons.Severe anger directed toward instructor, staff, maintenance.Inappropriate reactions: extreme over cooperation, extreme self-control, inappropriate laughing/singing, rapid changes in emotion.
What are the instructors responsibility in dealing with seriously abnormal students?
-Refrain from certifying the student-Have another instructor evaluate the student.-Have a discussion with assistant chief/chief instructor.-Have an informal discussion with FSDO, or aviation medical examiner.
What are the CFI's responsibility in regard to student pilot supervision(solo flight)?
-One of the most important responsibilities. -CFI is the one in a position to determine if student is ready to solo.-Before endorsing for solo, CFI should require student to demonstrate consistent ability to perform the fundamental maneuvers.-Student must have 20 dual flight hours, SFAR 73 solo endorsement and Awareness training.
What are the CFI's responsibility when recommending a student for a practical test?
-Require the applicant to demonstrate the knowledge and skill level required for the certificate or rating.-The student is trained according to the regulations.-CFI endowment is verification of this and the CFI is accountable and responsible.-FAA examiners & DPE are depending on the CFI to train according to the regulations.
What is the CFI's responsibilities when conducting a flight review?
-Its a FAA monitored currency program-Required to act as PIC every 24 months. Per SFAR, every 12 months until 200 hrs. in helicopters.-Minimum of 1 hr. ground and 1 hr. flight-Not a test but, an instructional service to assess skill & knowledge.-Objectives appropriate to pilots certificate & rating.-Pilot & CFI should agree on a plan-CFI should keep the pilot informed of progress.
Where can a CFI find the guidelines for a flight review?
AC 61-98A appendix 1
What is the purpose of a lesson plan?
(EECCOOSUR)-Ensures student gets best possible instruction-Ensures a wise section of material, eliminating the unimportant details.-Consideration is given to each part each part of lesson.-Confidence to the new CFI-Organized outline for a single instructional period.-Outline of the teaching process to be used.-Sequenced for efficient learning-Uniformity of instruction-Relating the lesson to the objectives of the course.
What are the characteristics of a good lesson plan?
(SURFPIC)-Scope: Few principles at a time.-Unity: The lesson should be a unified segment of instruction.-Related to the course of training: Planned & taught with objectives in mind.-Flexibility: Easy to modify for conditions or added material.-Practicality: Planed in terms of the conditions under which the training is to be conducted.-Instructional steps: Following preparation, presentation, application and review & evaluation. -Content: Each lesson should present new material but related to the previous lessons.
What is considered proper use of a lesson plan?
(KAAGR)-Know your material-Adapt lesson to the student-Appropriate to background of student-Use as a guide-Revise lesson periodically
A lesson plan should include:
-Objective-Content-Demonstration-Performance-Evaluation-Summary-Assessment
Hazardous attitudes & their antidotes
(MARII)-Macho: Taking chances is foolish-Anti-authority: Follow the rules, they are usually right.-Resignation: I'm not helpless, I can make a difference.-Invulnerability: It could happen to me.-Impulsivity: Not so fast, think first
What are the risk elements?
(PAVE)-Pilot: i'm safe,documents-Aircraft: (IDE)-environment (FADWAR)-External pressures
I'M SAFE check list
-Illness-Medication-Stress-Alcohol-Fatigue-Eating/emotion
What is ADM?
Systematic approach to the mental process of evaluating a given set of circumstances and determining the best course of action.
ADM model
(PPP)-Perceive: a given set of circumstances.-process: evaluating their impact on flight safety-Perform: implementing the best course of action
Decision making model
(DECIDE)-Detect: That a change has occurred -Estimate: The need to react to the change-Choose: Desirable outcome. -Identify: Actions to control the change-Do: Take the necessary action-Evaluate: The effect of the action
Operational pitfalls
-Peer pressure-Get-there it is-Duck-under syndrome-Scud running-Continued VFR flight into IMC-Getting behind the aircraft-Loss of situational awareness-Operating without adequate fuel reserves-Flying outside the envelope-Neglect of flight planning