Grade 11 Physics Flashcards
Kinematics
The study of motion
Motion
A change in an object's location as measured by a particular observer
Distance (d)
The total length of the path travelled by an object in motion
Direction
The line an object moves along from a particular starting point
Scalar
A quantity that has only magnitude (size)
Vector
A quantity that has magnitude (size) and direction
Position
The distance and direction of an object from a reference point
Displacement
The change in position of an object
Average speed
The total distance travelled divided by the total time taken to travel that distance
Average velocity
The total displacement or change in position divided by the total time for that displacement
Acceleration
How quickly an object's velocity changes over time (rate of change of velocity)
Force
A push or a pull
Dynamics
The study of the causes of motion.
Applied force
A force that results when one object makes contact with another and pushes or pulls on it.
Tension
A pulling force from a rope or string on an object that always points toward the rope or string.
Normal force
A perpendicular force exerted by a surface on an object in contact with the surface; this force always points away from the surface.
Friction
A force that opposes the sliding of two surfaces across one another; this force acts opposite to the motion or attempted motion.
Force of gravity
Force of attraction between any two objects
Inertia
The property of matter that causes it to resist changes in motion; this is directly proportional to the mass of the object.
Newton's First Law of Motion
State the Law: An object will remain at rest or continue to move at constant velocity when the net force on the object is zero.
Newton's Second Law of Motion
State the Law:If the net external force on an object is not zero, the object will accelerate in the direction of this net force. The magnitude of the acceleration is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object; F = ma.
Newton's Third Law of Motion
State the Law:Each action force has a reaction force that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
Alternating Current
An electric current that periodically reverses direction.
Amplitude
The maximum displacement of a wave from its equilibrium point.
Antinode
In a standing wave, this is the location where the particles of the medium are moving with greatest speed; the amplitude will be twice the amplitude of the original wave.
Beat
Periodic change in sound intensity caused by the interference between two nearly identical sound waves.
Beta Particle
A high-energy electron or positron ejected or captured by a nucleus during beta decay.
Beta Decay
A nuclear reaction in which a beta particle is emitted or captured.
Alpha Decay
A nuclear reaction in which an alpha particle is emitted.
Alpha Particle
A particle emitted during alpha decay composed of a helium nucleus containing two protons and two neutrons.
Coefficient of friction
The ratio of the force of friction to the normal force.
Coefficient of kinetic friction
The ratio of kinetic friction to the normal force.
Coefficient of static friction
The ratio of the maximum force of static friction to the normal force.
Crest
The maximum point of a transverse wave.
Damping
A reduction in the amplitude of a wave as a result of energy absorption or destructive interference.
Destructive Interference
The process of forming a wave with a smaller amplitude when two or more waves combine.
Direct Current
The movement of electrons in only one direction.
Doppler Effect
This effect states that when a source of sound approaches an observer, the observed frequency of the sound increases; when the source moves away from an observer, the observed frequency of the sound decreases.
Efficiency
The amount of useful energy produced in an energy transformation expressed as a percentage of the total amount of energy used.
Electric Generator
A device that transforms other forms of energy into electrical energy.
Electrical potential difference (V)
The change in electric potential energy associated with charges at two different points in a circuit.
Electrical Power (P)
The rate at which electrical energy transforms.
Electrical Resistance (R)
A property of matter that describes how difficult it is for electrical current to travel through a material.
Electromagnet
Any device that produces a magnetic field as a result of an electric current.
Electromagnetic Induction
The production of electric current in a conductor moving through a magnetic field.
Electrostatic Force
The force of attraction or repulsion due to electric charges.
Energy
The capacity to do work.
Fixed-end reflection
A reflection that occurs at a media boundary where one end of the medium is unable to vibrate; reflections are inverted.
Free-end reflection
A reflection that occurs at a media boundary where the second medium is less dense than the first medium; reflections have an amplitude with the same orientation as the orignal wave.
Free fall
The acceleration due to gravity of an object in the absence of air resistance; the motion of a falling object where the only force acting on the object is gravity.
Frequency (the fancy f)
The number of complete cycles that occur in unit time, usually 1 s; measured in hertz (Hz)
Fundamental frequency or first harmonic
The lowest frequency that can produce a standing wave in a given medium.
Fusion
The process by which a solid changes to a liquid.
Gravitational potential energy
Energy possessed by an object due to its position relative to the surface of Earth.
Half-Life
The average length of time it takes radioactive material to decay to half of its original mass.
Harmonics
Whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency.
Heat
The transfer of thermal energy from a substance with a higher temperature to a substance with a lower temperature.
In phase
The state of two identical waves that have the same phase shift.
Instantaneous velocity
The velocity of an object at a specific instant in time.
Interference
The process of generating a new wave when two or more waves meet.
Kinetic energy
The energy possessed by moving objects.
Kinetic friction
The force exerted on a moving object by a surface opposite to the direction of motion of the object.
KCL (Kirchhoff's Current Law)
This law states that in a closed circuit, the amount of current entering a junction is equal to the amount of current exiting a junction.
KVL (Kirchhoff's Voltage Law)
This law states that in any complete path in an electric circuit, the total electric potential increase at the source(s) is equal to the total electric potential decrease throughout the rest of the circuit.
Latent Heat
The total thermal energy absorbed or released when a substance changes state; measured in joules.
Latent Heat of Fusion
The amount of thermal energy required to change a solid into a liquid or a liquid into a solid.
Latent Heat of Vaporization
The amount of thermal energy required to change a liquid into a gas or a gas into a liquid.
Law of Conservation of Energy
This law states energy is neither created nor destroyed; when energy is transformed from one form into another, no energy is lost.
Law of Electromagnetic Induction
This law states that a change in the magnetic field in the region of a conductor induces a voltage in the conductor, causing an induced electric current in the conductor.
Lenz's Law
This law states that if a changing magnetic field induces a current in a coil, the electric current is in such a direction that its own magnetic field opposes the change that produced it.
Longitudinal Wave
A wave in which particles vibrate parallel to the direction of the flow of energy.
Mach Number (M)
The ratio of the airspeed of an object to the local speed of sound.
Magnetic field
A region of space around a magnet that causes a magnetic force on magnetic objects.
Mechanical Wave
The transfer of energy through a material due to vibration.
Mechanical Resonance
The transfer of energy from one object to another, causing large-amplitude vibrations when the second object has the same resonant frequency as the first.
Media Boundary
The location where two or more media meet.
Medium
The material that permits the transmission of energy through vibrations.
Node
The part in a standing wave where the particles of the medium are at rest.
Noise
Sound that originates from a source that vibrates in a random manner.
Nuclear Fission
The nuclear process where large, unstable nuclei decompose into smaller, more stable nuclei.
Nuclear Fusion
The nuclear process where the nuclei of two atoms fuse together to form a larger nucleus.
Ohm's Law
This law states that the potential difference between any two points in a conductor varies directly with the current between two points if the temperature remains constant.
Out of phase
This term is used to describe when two identical waves have different phase shifts.
Overtone
A sound resulting from a string that vibrates with more than one frequency.
Period (T)
The time for a vibrating particle to complete one cycle.
Pitch
The general perception of the highness or lowness of a sound; depends on the frequency, complexity, and loudness of the sound.
Potential Energy
A form of energy an object possess because of its position in relation to forces in its environment.
Power (P)
The rate at which energy is being used or transformed.
Rarefaction
The region in a longitudinal wave in which the medium's particles are further apart.
Resonance
The condition in which the frequency of a wave equals the resonant frequency of the wave's medium.
Resonant frequency
The frequency at which a medium vibrates most easily.
Simple harmonic motion
Any motion that repeats itself at regular intervals.
Solenoid
A coiled conductor
Sound
A form of energy produced by rapidly vibrating objects detectable by sensory organs such as the ear.
Specific heat capacity (c)
The amount of energy (J) required to increase the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1ºC.
Standing Wave
An interference pattern produced when incoming and reflected waves interfere with each other; the effect is a wave pattern that appears to be stationary.
Static Friction
A force of friction that prevents the sliding of two surfaces relative to one another.
Temperature
The measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.
Transformer
An electromagnetic device that can raise or lower voltage.
Transverse wave
A wave in which particles vibrate perpendicular to the direction of the flow of energy.
Trough
The minimum point of a transverse wave.
Vibration
The cyclical motion of an object about an equilibrium point.
Wave length
The distance between two similar points in successive identical cycles in a wave, such as from crest to crest or trough to trough.
First Harmonic, Fundamental Overtone, Open
Name the harmonic and overtone and whether it's open or closed:
Second Harmonic, First Overtone, Open
Name the harmonic and overtone and whether it's open or closed:
Third Harmonic, Second Overtone, Open
Name the harmonic and overtone and whether it's open or closed:
Fourth Harmonic, Third Overtone, Open
Name the harmonic and overtone and whether it's open or closed:
Yallah
Let's Go
Jackie Chan
Asian Movie Star
Gravity, Tension
What forces are in this elevator system?
Mechanical Work
This term is used to describe what happens when a force is displacing an object in the direction of the force.
Force on the conductor
When a person applies this right hand rule, what are they finding?
Direction of current, direction of magnetic field lines
In a straight conductor what can a person find using this rule?
Going out of the page (Thumb should be pointing to you)
When analyzing magnetism what does this picture tells us about the direction of the current?
Going into the page (Thumb should be pointing away from you)
When analyzing magnetism what does this picture tells us about the direction of the current?
Direction of current, direction of the poles
If a person were to apply the right hand rule for a solenoid, what can that person find?
Galvanometer
This is a sensitive meter used for measuring the current or voltage, depending on how it is configured.
Constructive Interference
The process of forming a wave with a larger amplitude when two or more waves combine.
Compression
The region in a longitudinal wave in which the medium's particles are closer together.
Tom Cruise
Mission Impossible Guy
First Harmonic, Fundamental Overtone, Closed
Name the harmonic and overtone and whether it's open or closed:
Second Harmonic, First Overtone, Closed
Name the harmonic and overtone and whether it's open or closed:
Third Harmonic, Second Overtone, Closed
Name the harmonic and overtone and whether it's open or closed:
Fourth Harmonic, Third Overtone, Closed
Name the harmonic and overtone and whether it's open or closed: