Lifespan Development Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards
Scientific Method
1.begin with curiosity 2. develop a hypothesis 3. test the hypothesis 4. draw conclusions 5. report what you found 6. replication (using different participants)
empirically
The scientific method is based off of what kind of gathered information?
empirical
information based on observation, not just theoretical.
Nature
Influences of genes which we inherit
Nurture
Environmental influences such as: family, school, diet of mother during pregnancy
Critical Period
A time where certain things MUST occur in order for normal development
Sensitive Period
A time when particular developments occur most easily.
Lifespan Perspective
An approach to the study of human development that looks at ALL phases of life, not just childhood or adulthood
Continous
Current theorists view development not as a series of stages, but as a continuous process.
Ecological systems approach
The study of human development which takes into account ALL contexts and interactions in the person's life
Cohort
A group defined by the shared age of its members
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
A persons position in society as determined not just by income but by accumulated or inherited wealth, occupation, education, and place of residence
Culture
Patterns of behavior passed from one generation to the next
Ethnic Groupor
A group of people whose ancestors were born in the same region and who often share the same language, culture, and religion
Race
A group of people who are regarded by themselves or others as distinct from other groups, primarily on the basis of physical appearances
Genes
___ influences every physical and psychological trait.
Systematically and objectively
Scientific observation requires the researcher to record behavior ___ and ____
False
Scientific observation can not be done in a naturalistic setting such as home, school, or other public places. Only a laboratory. True or False?
Causal
Experiments attempt to establish ___ relationships among variables.
independent variable
variable that is introduced to see what effect it has on the dependent variable
dependent variable
variable that is observed for changes when the independent variable is introduced
True
The experimental group gets a particular treatment (the independent variable)The comparison group (control group) does not get experimental group treatment. True or False?
Cross Sectional
Research of groups of people of one age compared with people of another age.
Longitudinal
Collecting date repeatedly on the same individuals as they age.
Cross Sequential
Combines cross sectional and longitudinal; Study groups of people of different ages and follow them over the years
Quantitative
Research that provides data that can be expressed with number, such as ranks or scales.
Qualitative
Research that considers data in terms of qualities instead of quantities; descriptions of particular conditions and participants' expressed ideas are often part of qualitative studies.
Correlation
Something that exists between two variables if one variable is more or less likely to occur when the other does.
Experiement
The only research method that can detect possible causation is ___?
code of ethics
Each academic discipline and professional society involved in the study of human development has ______
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
This ensures that research follows est. guidelines and remains ethical
Developmental Theory
a systematic statement of principles and generalizations which provides framework for understanding how and why people change as they grow older.
The Grand Theories
Psychoanalytic, Behavioral, Cognitive
Psychoanalytic theory
Freud's theory; stage theory of human development that holds irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood underline human behavior.
Erik Erikson
Psychoanalyst who's first five stages was built on Freud's theory and went on to describe three adult stages for a total of 8 developmental stages each characterized by a challenge called "crisis"
Behaviorism
theory of human development that studies only observable behavior; also known as learning theory because it describes laws and processes by which behavior is learned.
conditioning
processes by which responses become linked to particular stimuli and learning takes place
classic conditioning
A process in which person learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus, gradually reacting to neutral stimulus with same response as meaningful one. Associates Event A with Event B.
Ivan Pavlov
Theorist of the classical conditioning
B.F. Skinner
Theorist of operant conditioning
Operant Conditioning
a learning process in which a particular action is following either by something desired or something unwanted. Learns to associate behavior with the consequences of that behavior
Reinforcement
A technique for operant conditioning behavior that increases the probability of a particular response; reward. food for hungry animal, A for good paper, etc
Social Learning Theory
an extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person's behavior.
modeling
people learn by observing other people then copying them
self efficacy
how effective people view their own ability to change themselves or alter their social context
cognitive theory
focuses on changes in how people think over the lifespan. Thoughts and expectations affect actions.
Jean Piaget
Stage theorist, studied changes in cognition through childhood, theorized cognitive theory
cognitive equilibrium
at a state of mental balance, no confusion. Involves the ability to interpret new ideas through past ideas, needed for intellectual advancement, not always possible or easy to attain, usually temporary because new experiences occur and could be not understandabe
Cognitive disequilibrium
if a new experience is not understandable
Assimilation
New experiences are interpreted to fit into or assimilate with old ideas. (See's zebra, calls it a horse); one of two ways to have cognitive equilibrium
Accommodation
Old ideas are restructured to include new experiences. Child realizes zebra is different from a horse, but still accommodates information with old such a horse with stripes; one of two ways to get back to cognitive equilibrium
Information processing theory
Framework of ideas inspired by how a computer works, focuses on phenomena such as how people think for they act, how attention and thought affect mental functioning, the relationship between one person's thinking and another's.
sociocultural theory
Development results from person's interactions with social and cultural surroundings; culture is essential contributor to development.
Apprenticeship
In thinking, cognition is "taught" by the older and more skilled
Lev Vygotsky
Sociocultural theory; wrote about the "zone of proximal development"; consists of the skills, knowledge, and concepts that the learner is close to acquiring; learner needs help to master them, learning must be individualized
Humanism
Stresses the potential of humans for good, stresses the needs that all people have, emphasizes what people have in common; Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
Evolutionary Theory
Based on Darwin's ideas; controversial in psychological circles, sees humans as more alike than different on the "nature" side of the "big issue" stresses the human development is influenced by drives to survive and reproduce; focuses on selective adaptation
Selective Adaptation
Process by which people adapt to their enviroment
Eclectic perspective
the approach taken by most developmentalists, applying aspects of various theories of development, rather than adhering exclusively to one;Adjective: drawing ideas, style, or taste from a broad diverse range of sources (not all, but many)
NY longitudinal study
4 categories of temperament; Easy, Difficult, Slow to Warm up, Hard to classify
goodness of fit
a similarity of temperament and values that produces a smooth interaction between an individual and his or her social context (family, school, community)
Crisis of Infancy
Erik Erikson
Trust vs Mistrust
infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs are met.
Autonomy vs shame
toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self rule over their actions and bodies
behaviorism
parents mold an infants emotions and personality through reinforcement and punishment; SKINNER
Ethnotheories
Assumption that underlies the values and practices of a culture but is usually more apparent to people from outside that culture; ex- culture believes in reincarnation they dont question it.