Mcat Biology: Digestive And Respiratory Systems Flashcards
Oral cavity> pharynx> esophagus> stomach> small intestine> large intestine> rectum> anus.
What is the order of the GI tract starting from the oral cavity?
Are composed of one layer
Simple Tissues
Are composed of multiple layers.
Stratified Tissues
Are composed of one layer but appear to be composed of multiple layers due to differences in cell height.
Pseudostratified Tissues
(1) Salivary Amylase (aka "Ptyalin") [hydrolyzes starch] and (2) Lipase [hydrolyzes lipids].
The salivary glands produce what enzymes (2)?
Epiglottis, which folds down and overs the trachea during swallowing.
The pharynx prevents food from entering the larynx through the use of the __________.
Progressive, involuntary, smooth muscle contractions along the GI tract that move food along.
Peristalsis
Lower Esophageal Sphincter (Cardiac Sphincter)
Food travels from esophagus to the stomach through the _________.
1)Mucous Cells 2)Chief Cells 3)Parietal Cells
The gastric and pyloric glands of the stomach are composed of what 3 cell types?
Secrete HCl (which activates pepsinogen into pepsin). Work together with Chief Cells to create gastric juice.
Parietal Cells
Gastrin, which induces our stomach to create more gastric juice.
The pyloric glands secrete the hormone ______.
Digestion
The stomach is primarily a site of _______.
Pyloric sphincter
Chyme leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine through the _______.
1)Duodenum 2)Jejunum 3)Ileum *DJI (Dow Jones Industrial
The three subsections of the small intestine in order are (3).
Duodenum
Most small intestine digestion occurs in the _______.
1)Trypsinogen 2)Chymotrypsinogen 3)Elastinogen 4)Carboxypeptidase 5)Lipase
Pancreatic juice contains the enzymes (5).
Enterokinase, produced by the small intestine, activates trypsinogen which activates the other zymogens.
Pancreatic zymogens are activated by ______.
Produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
Bile is produced by the ____ and stored in the _____.
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Bile and pancreatic juice is released into the duodenum of the small intestine in response to the hormone ____.
Emulsify fats in the duodenum of the small intestine.
The function of bile is to:
Secretin
Pancreatic juice is released into the duodenum of the small intestine in response to the hormone _______.
Enterogastrone
If you have a fatty meal, the hormone ________ is released to slow the movement of chyme.
lacteals
HDL and LDL are encased in chylomicrons and enter lymphatic circulation through ______.
HDL= "Healthy" LDL="Less Healthy"
HDL is _____. While LDL is ______.
A, D, E, K
The 4 fat soluble vitamins are?
Water absorption
The main function of the large intestine is?
Cecum> Colon> Rectum> Anus
The 4 parts of the large intestine in order are?
1)Maltase 2)Sucrase 3)Lactase 4)Aminopeptidase 5)Dipeptidase 6)Enterokinase
The intestinal glands of the small intestine produce which digestive enzymes (6)?
Pharynx> Larynx> Trachea> Bronchi> Bronchioles> Alveoli
What is the anatomical pathway of respiration to the lungs?
1)Lower surface tension 2)Prevent alveolar collapse
Why are alveoli coated in surfactant?
The visceral pleurae and parietal pleurae.
The lungs are bound by what two membranes?
Cover organs
Visceral Membranes
Cover the walls of body cavities.
Parietal Membranes
Negative-Pressure Breathing.
Ventilation of the lungs occurs through a mechanism known as _____.
Contract
During inhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles?
Relax
During exhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles?
Blood pH and CO2 concentration.
The neurons of the medulla oblongata control the respiratory rate through monitoring ______.
Expel CO2.
Autonomic respiration is primarily driven by the need to?
Total amount of air the lungs can carry, typically 6-7L in humans.
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
Amount of air the lungs actually (vitally) use.
Vital Capacity (VC)
Minimum amount of air the lungs need to prevent collapse.
Residual Volume (RV)
Typical amount of air taken in for a normal breath.
Tidal Volume (TV)
Amount of extra air that must be forcibly expelled after a TV breath is expelled.
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Amount of extra air that can be forcibly taken in after a TV breath is taken.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
TLC= VC + RV
TLC= ___ + _____
VC= TV + ERV + IRV
VC= ___ + ___ + ___
The pressure differential of gases (Oxygen and CO2).
What is the driving force of gas exchange in the alveoli?