Medical Terminology Quizlet Flashcards
What is the nervous system?
complex, highly organized system that coordinates all the activities of the body
Functions of the Nervous system include:
Coordinates all activities, allows body to respond and adapt to changes that occur both inside/outside the body, works w/hormones from the endocrine system to help the body achieve and maintain homeostasis
What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?
Automatic NS, Somatic NS, Sympathetic NS, Parasympathetic NS
What is the Automatic NS?
regulates involuntary body processes
What is the somatic NS
Commands to muscles, controls voluntary movements, carries sensory info
What is the sympathetic NS?
prepares the body for fight and stress
Parasympathetic NS
Calms the body and helps the body conserve energy
What two systems make up the nervous system
CNS (central nervous system) and PNS (peripheral nervous system)
What makes up the central nervous system?
brain and spinal cord, and also brainstem
What makes up the peripheral nervous system?
autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
What is the neuron known as?
Nerve cell
What is the neuron in the nervous system?
Basic structural unit
Where are neurons found?
brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
What is the function of a neuron?
Transmit information through electrical impulses
Sensory input
Receives signals from sensory receptors
Integration
CNs process and interprets the info recieved
Motor output
the CNS transmits messages outward
Basic structures of the nervous system
brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, nerve tissues, cells
What is the function of a sensory neuron?
conduct signal from the body to brain
motor neuron functions?
Recieves impulses from brain and spinal cord and communicate to body
Name the parts of the neuron
Cell body, nucleus, nerve fibers
Name the two types of nerve fibers
Dendrites and Axon
What do the dendrites do?
Carry inpulses TOWARD the cell body
What do the axon do?
Carries impulses AWAY from cell body
What covers the axon?
Myelin sheath
What is the function of a Myelin Sheath?
increases the speed of action potential conduction from the initial segment to the axon terminals.
Describe the position of the axon of one neutron to the dendrite of another neutron
Axon of a neutron lies close to the dendrite of other neurons.
What is the space between an axon and a dendrite called?
_-/S Y N A P S E\-_
What do impulses do with the _-/S Y N A P S E\-_
Jump synapse to get to dendrite of another neuron
What are neurotransmitters and where are they located?
Special chemicals at the end of each axon that allow nerve impulses to pass from one to another
What is the function of the neurotransmitter?
Allow nerve impulses to pass from one to another
Give examples of neurotransmitters
Adrenaline, Dopamine, Serotonin
When do impulses occur?
When external stimuli and/or internal chemicals activate cell membranes of cell nerves
What does an impulse cause?
Release of stored electrical energy within cells
What happens to the energy which is released?
It's passed through length of nerve cell and is called the nervous impulse
Where is the cerebellum located?
base of brain
As far as size is concerned, what is the cerebellum known as?
second largest part of the brain
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Balance and coordination
What are the functions of the thalamus?
Routes messages from sensory organs to the cerebaral cortex, responsible for memory functions involved in learning
Where is the hypothalamus located?
below the thalamus
Name the functions of the autonmic nervous system that the hypothalamus monitors and acts as the control center
Heart rate, BP, Body temperature, Hormone production, hunger, thirst, digestion
What does the brain stem connect?
Cerebrum w/spinal cord
How does the brain stem regulate the CNS?
Transmits sensory info carried between the brain and rest of the body
What vital functions does the brain stem govern?
Temperature and sleep patterns
What does the midbrain do?
Serves as a passageway between brain and spinal cord
What does the pons connect?
Cerebullum to rest of brain
Of what is the automic nervous system a part?
Peripheral NS
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
involuntary actions
Where do nerve fibers from the CNS travel?
Organs, Glands, Blood vessels.
What controls the autonomic nervous system?
hypothalamus
What does the medulla oblongata connect?
Brain to spinal cord
What does the medulla oblongata do?
controls breathing, heart rate, and vomiting
What are the ventricles?
Two lateral ventricles, third and fourth ventricle
What is the function of the fluid which is produced in the ventricles?
Bathes and protects brain and spinal cord
What does this fluid contain?
Zymphocyles, sugar, chlorides, and protein
What does this fluid carry and remove?
Carries nutrients, removes wastes
What is the spinal cord?
Nervous tissue that extends from medulla oblongata to second lumbar vertebra
What is a cauda equina?
A structure at the end of the spinal cord that is a fan of nerve fibers below second lumbar vertebra
What is the function of the spinal cord?
Pathway for impulses going to and from the brain
What is meninges?
Three layers of connective tissue membranes that surround brain and spinal cord
Name three meninges
Dura mater, Arachnid membrane, Pia Mater
Dura Mater
The outermost membrane, contains channels through which blood can enter brain tissue
Arachnid membrane
middle membrane which is spider-like and is loosely attatched to the other membranes
Pia mater
Innermost meninges closes to brain and spinal cord, made of delicate connective tissue w/rich supply of blood vessels
Where do the nerves of the PNS exist?
Outside the brain and the spinal cord
What does the PNS consist of?
12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves
What is the function of cranial nerves?
They carry impulses between brian and head and neck. The vougus nerve is an exception and controls heart rate and digestion
What is one cranial nerve that is the exception?
Vagus nerve, controls unconsious actions like heart rate and digestion
What is the function of spinal nerves?
Carries messages between spinal cord, chest, abdomen and extrimities
Where do all peripheral nerves originate?
The Spinal Cord
What are the two types of peripheral nerves?
Afferent/sensory and efferent/motor
What is an afferent/sensory nerve?
Carries impulses from sensory receptors to brain and spinal cord. Sensory -> Brain
What is an efferent/motor nerve?
Carries impulses from the brain and spinal cord to organs that produce responses such as glands and muscles. Motor -> Body
Give an example of Afferent/sensory nerves.
Say you touch a fire. The nerve will send a signal of heat (and PAAAAIIIIN) to the brain.
Give an example of efferent/motor nerves.
After the heat/PAAAAIIIN message reaches the brain, the brain sends a message to pull back from the pain-inducing heat source.
What two nervous systems are the PNS divided into?
Somatic NS, and Autonomic NS
What is the function of the Somatic NS?
Responsible for voluntary movement.
What is the functino of the autonomic nervous system?
invoulentary organ function
What is the ANS divided into?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
What nervous system is the brain a part of?
Central Nervous System
What is the outer tissue of the cerebum called?
Cerebral cortex?
What is the purpose of the folds and depressions in the cerebral cortex?
Increase the surface area of the brain and brain and the brain's processing abilities
What are the functions we perform in the cerebrum?
Higher level thought processes, memory, sensory integration, language, planning.
How many parts is the cerebrum divided into?
Two, left and right
Name the different lobes of the cerebrum
Frontal, Parietal, Occipatal, Temporal
What does the frontal lobe do?
Cognitive function, speech, and voluntary movement
What does the parietal lobe do?
proccees sensory info related to temp, taste, macmerd
What does the temporal lobe do?
Memories, hearing, smell
What does the corpus callosum connect?
Left and right halves of the brain?
What is the function of the corpus callosum?
Helps right land left halves to work together to coordinate function and movement
The sympathetic nervous system is known as
Fight or Flight
The parasympathetic nervous system is known as
Rest or digest
Why does the sympathetic nervous system have an energizing effect?
To increase our ability to run away from or combat an enemy
What happens when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated?
Increases alertness, increases heart and breathing rate, bronchodilates airway to get more 02, stimulates adrenals to release adrenaline, INHIBITS bowel and bladder function
What happens when the parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated?
Heart beats slow, breating rate slows, stimulates salivary mucus, Stimulates intestinal motility to move our bowels, stimulates bladder action for urination