Microbes In Human Welfare Flashcards
Why is curd more nutritious than milk ?
Curd contains LACTIC ACID BACTERIA. LAB contains VB12
LACTIC ACID BACTERIA
LAB along with Lactobacillus grow in milk and convert it into curd .It produces acids that coagulate and partially digest milk proteinsIt contains vitamin B12It keeps a check on the disease causing microbes in our stomach
CHEESE
Partially degraded milk fat and caesin (milk protein)
1.SWISS CHEESE2.ROQUEFORT 3.CAMEMBERT
1.PROPIONIBACTERIUM SHARMANII2.PENICILLIUM ROQUEFORTII3.PENICILLIUM CAMEMBERTII
Name the cheese along with their kingdom
swiss cheese- bacteriaroquefort - fungi camembert - fungi
Puffed-up appearance of dough
production of CO2 during fermentation
role of CO2 in making soft and porous bread
CO2 gas + ethyl alcohol evaporate during baking making bread soft and porous
Swelling of dough during bread making 1. NAME OF THE PROCESS2. ENZYMES INVOLVED
Leavening is the swelling of dough during bread making . Enzymes of yeast responsible - AMYLASE, MALTASE, ZYMASE
Microbes responsible for the preparation of Dosa and Idli
Leuconostoc and Streptococcus species of BACTERIA
Which of the following responsible for the preparation of DOSA and IDLI ?1. Bacteria 2. Fungi
Bacteria*Leuconostoc and Streptococcus
Toddy
traditional drink of SOUTH INDIA
preparation of toddy
fermenting sap from palm - CARYOTA URENS .
What happens if toddy is left for few hours
it undergoes fermentation due to naturally occuring yeast
Microbes used to ferment ________,________________ and _________ to make foods
Microbes used to FERMENT fish , soyabean , bamboo shoots to make food
SOYA SAUCE
from fermentation of soyabean and whear
Food obtained from soya sauce
TEMPEH- IndonesiaTOFU- JapaneseSUFU - Chinese
CURD
LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS LACTIC ACID BACTERIA
YOGURT
Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus
BUTTERMILK
Streptococcus lactis Streptococcus cremorisLactobacillus acidophilus
SOUR CREAM
Streptococcus lactisLeuconostoc cremoris
Types of cheese
SEMIHARD- 45%% waterHARD - <40%waterSOFT - 50-80% water
Lactobacillus acidophilus
curd buttermilk
Streptococcus lactis
Buttermilk yogurt
fermenters
Large vessels for growing microbes for its production on an industrial scale
Streptococcus cerevisiae
Baker's yeastBrewer's Yeast
gingerbeer/ ale yeast
Streptococcus pireformis
Streptococcus sake
sake yeast
wine yeast
Streptococcus ellipsoidens
Uses of brewer's yeast
bread making fermenting malted cereals , molasses and fruit juices to produce ethanol
basis of classification for the alcoholic drinks
1. type of raw material used for fermentation 2.type of processes ( with or without distillation)
drinks with low alcohol concentration
wine beerwithout distillation <13%
drinks with high alcohol concentration
whisky brandy rum distillation of fermented broth
alcohols prepared from 1. Fruit juice2. fermented cereals3. molasses4. rye malt 5. barley malt 6. potato
Fruit juice- Brandy Rum fermented cereals - whisky molasses- rum rye malt - gin barley malt - beerpotato - vodka
name the first antibiotic Who discovered it ?
First antibiotic Penicillin discovered by Alexander Fleming
name the following w.r.t Penicillium 1.Bacteria Alexander was working on 2. mould formed on the unwashed culture plate3. which kingdom does it belong to
1. staphylococci 2. Penicillium notatum 3. fungi
Ernest Chain and Howard Florey
worked to have penicillin available during WWII as a safe and effective antibiotic treatment
name the nobel prize winners for penillin discovery
Alexander Fleming Howard FloreyErnst Chain
bulk of antibiotic are obtained from
bacteriaactinomycetesfungi
Antibiotic of group Bacteria.Source
BacitracinSource - Bacillus licheniformis
Actinomycetes Antibiotics
chloramphenicol streptomycin chlorotetracyline oxytetracyclineerthyromycin neomycin
aureomycin
aureomycin/ chlorotetracycline/ tetracyclinesource- Streptomyces aureofaciens
terramycin
Terramycin/ oxytetracycline source - Streptomyces rimosus
chloramphenicol
chloromycetin / chloramphenicolsource- Streptomyces venezuelae
neomycin
source - Streptomyces fradiae
source- Streptomyces griseus
streptomycin
Erthyromycin
source- Streptomyces erythreus
antibiotics of group fungi
penicillin fumagilin griseofulvin
Penicillin
source - Penicillium chrysogenum
griseofulvin
Penicillium griseofulvum
fumagilin
Penicillium fumigatus
Acetic acidcitric acid butyric acidlactic acid gluconic acid
acetic acid- Acetobacter aceti citric acid- Aspergillum nigerbutyric acid- Clostridium butylicumlactic acid- Lactobacillum acidophilusgluconic acid- Aspergillus niger , Penicillium
Acetobacter aceti1.group2.acid 3.uses
bacterium - group acetic aciduses - vinegar
Aspergillus niger group aciduses
group- fungi citric acid uses- food preservation dyeing inks medicines
Lactobacillus group acid use
bacteria lactic acidcurd
rancid butter
butyric acidClostridium butylicum
Bioactive molecules
functional in living system or can interact with their components
Gluconic acidsourceuse group
Aspergillus niger, Penicillium gluconate source of Ca for infants , cows, and lactating mothers group - fungi
Lipase Sourceuses
Candida lipolytica Geotrichum candidum
Pectinase Protease
clarification of bottled juices
Source of pectinases
Byssochlamys fulvo Aspergillus niger
source of proteases
Aspergillum Bacillus Mortierella renispora
clot buster
streptokinase from bacterium streptococcus removing clots from blood cells at the time of myocardial infarction
Amylase source use
source- Apergillus, Rhizopus, Bacillus species USE - degrade starch
IMMUNOSUPRESSIVE AGENT name- source use
Cyclosporin Afungi - Trichoderma polytrichum Used in organ transplantation
Statin
blood cholestrol lowering agent YEASTMonascus purpureus
mode of action of immunosupressive agent
competitive inhibition of enzyme responsible for synthesis of cholestrol ( beta hydroxy beta methylglutaryl CoA reductase )
Streptomycin discovered by
waksman albert
antibiotic term given by
waksman
four deadly diseases which are treated by antibiotics
whooping cough (kaali khaasi)diptheria (gal ghotu)plagueleprosy (kusht rog)
organic acid produced by fermentation of sugar syrup by aspergillus niger and mucor species
gluconic acid
antibiotic w.r.t humans and disease causing organisms(pathogens)
w.r.t disease causing organisms - against life w.r.t humans- pro life
Major component of waster water
human excreta
Sewage
municipal waster water that contains a large number of organic matter and microbes. Many of them are pathogenic
treatment of wastewater is done by ?Where is it present ?
Treatment of waste water is done by HETEROTROPHIC MICROBES naturally present in the sewage
Different stages of sewage treatment
primary - PHYSICAL TREATMENT secondary - BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT tertiary - PHYSIO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT
Primary treatment
physical process that involves the removal of large and small particles from sewage through filtration and sedimentation
steps involved in primary treatment
SEQUENTIAL FILTRATION - floating debris is removedSEDIMENTATION - grit (soil and small pebbles) removed
Primary sludge
The solid material that settles out during primary treatment
Primary Effluent
supernatant
Flocs
masses of bacteria associated with fungal filaments to form mesh like structure
Role of flocs
consume the major part of organic matterreduces the BOD of the effluent After this process gets completed , small amount of bacterial flocs pumped back into aeration tanks (INOCULUM) .
BOD
biochemical oxygen demand amount of oxygen that would be consumed if all the organic matter in one litre of water were oxidized by bacteria
BOD TEST
rate of uptake of oxygen by microorganisms in a sample of water *BOD IS A MEASURE OF THE ORGANIC MATTER PRESENT IN WATER.
Relation between BOD and polluting potential of waster
greater the BOD of waster water , more will be its polluting potential
ACTIVATED SLUDGE
bacterial flocs
INOCULUM OF AERATION TANK
activated sludge - bacterial flocs
ANAEROBIC SLUDGE DIGESTERS
major part of the activated sludge is pumped into large tanks called anaerobic sludge digesters
role of anaerobic methanogenic bacteria
to digest the bacteria and fungi present in the sludge
how is biogas formed
In anaerobic sludge digesters, anaerobic methanogenic bacteria digest the fungi and the bacteria present in the sludge . During the digestion , anaerobic bacteria release CO2, H2S, CH4 . These gases form biogas .
why is biogas considered as a source of energy
because it is inflammable
STPs
sewage treatment plants
Ganga action plan
1985
Ganga and Yamuna action plan initiated by
Ministry of Government and Forests
composition of biogas
methane (50-70%)CO2(30-40%)Mixture of other gases H2, H2S (10%)
calorific value of biogas
4429 kcal / cm3 50% methane
Methanogens
bacteria which grow anaerobically on cellulosic material produce large amounts of methane along with co2, h2common bacterium- Methanobacterium
where are methanogens found
anaerobic sludge rumen of cattle for digesting cellulose
why is the cow dung rich in methane
methanogens found in rumen of cattle digest cellulose and hence methane gas released
gobargas
biogas
biogas production made possible in India because of the efforts of
IARI (INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE)KVIC ( KHADI AND VILLAGE INDUSTRIES COMISSION )
BIOGAS PLANT
concrete tank- 10-15 m deep - floating covergas holder gas outlet sludge digestor dung + water
fertilizer in biogas plant
spent slurry
uses of biogas
cooking lighting
The three main methods of secondary treatment of sewage
oxidation tank method Trickling filter method activated sludge method
formation of biogas is a three step anaerobic process
solubilisation acidogenesismethanogenesis
solubilisation
MONOMERS - decomposer microbes (cellulose, hemicellulose, storage polysaccharides, fat, protein)
acidogenesis
most common - acetic acid - fermentive microbes
methanogenesis
methanogensbiogas CH4, CO2, H2S, N2, H2
BIOCONTROL
Ladybird - control aphidsDragonflies- controlling mosquitoes Bacillus thuringiensis - butterfly caterpillars Free living fungi Trichoderma- treatment of plant diseases Baculovirus- Nucleopolyhedrovirus- insects and arthropods Biopesticides- Bioherbicide and Bioinsecticide
Bacillus thuringiensis
available in sachets as dried spores mixed with watersprayed onto vulnerable plants such as brassicas and fruit trees eaten by larva . In the gut of the larva toxin release and larva gets killedno negative impact on non target
Trichoderma
free living fungi treatment of plant diseases common in root ecosystem effective against several plant pathogens
Baculovirus
Genus- Nucleopolyhedrovirusattack insects and other arthropodsspecies specific , narrow spectrum industrial applications , no negative impact on non targets
Biopesticide
BIOHERBICIDE-biological control of weedsBIOINSECTICIDE- living organisms able to kill/ repel specific insects
first mycoherbicide/ bioherbicide
DEVINESpores of fungus Phytophthora palmivora
Prickly pear cactusscientific name categorybioherbicide
Opuntia category- insect predator bioherbicide - Cactoblastis cactorum
Hypericum perforatum category bioherbicide
category - insect predator bioherbicide- Chrysoline beetles
Milkweed vines in citrus orchards
category - mycoherbicide bioherbicide - spore of fungus Phytophthora palmivora
mycoherbicide
fungi/ fungal spores are used as herbicide
Collego
spores of fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporoides (Bioherbicide)weed it attacks- Jointvetch in rice fields category- mycoherbicide
WATER HYACINTHCategory bioherbicide
category - mycoherbicide bioherbicide - spores of fungus - Cycospora rodmanii
Cochliomyia hominivorax
Screwwormcategory- Sterilisation strategy sterile males released which mate without producing offspring
Pheromones
insect hormones chemical messengers which help in communication , attracting males, signals, marking traits
phermone traps
attract males and then become unavailable for reproduction
confusion technique
spraying pheromones( paper strips) on crops at breeding time to prevent male pests from finding females
ecdysone
Ecdysone is a hormone that is promotes molting. juvenile formone introduced at inapt times results in early deaths of insect pests.
Natural insectide rotenone nicotine azadiractin pyrethrum and cinerin thurioside
rotenone- roots of Derris elliptica nicotine- tobacco azadiractin - neem leaves pyrethrum and cinerin- Chrysanthemum cinerarifoliumThurioside - Bacillus thuringiensis
Catch/ Trap crops
bhindi - jassids and spotted bollworms sesame - red hairy caterpillar - cotton field
smoother crops
do not allow weeds to grow nearby sunflower, alfa alfa, marigold , soya bean , millet
first bioinsecticide
sporeine
IPM
Integrated Pest Management. Program used to keep pests from entering and establishment and to eliminate any pests that do get in(OBJECTIVE)
sustainable pest management
IPM - integration of tactics for control of single pest on one or more crops
sources of biofertilisers
bacteria fungi cyanobacteria
symbiotic associtations rhizobium mycorrhiza
rhizobium (bacteria) forms symbiotic associations with root nodules of legumnious plants mycorrhiza - fungi forms with roots of higher plants (common genus- GLOMUS )
Free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Azotobacterazospirillum
ectomycorrhiza
ectotrophic/ ectophytic 1. hyphae of fungi on the outer cortex of root 2. absorb water and minerals for plants 3. Mycorrhiza abosrb NPKCafungi - basidiomycetes plants - pinus , oak
Endomycorrhizae
endotrophic / endophytic / VAMfungi hyphae penetrate into roots fungi - absorb Pplants - Orchids, coffee , woody plantsfungi - basidiomycetes
VAM
Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae
CYANOBACTERIA
Autotrophic microbes fix atm nitrogen in paddy fields, acts as an imp biofertilizer increase fertility (add organic matter to soil)reduce alkalinity of soil
cyanobacteria examples
anabaena nostocoscillatoria
associations 1.endomycorrhiza 2.VAM
ENDOMYCORRHIZAfungi - basidiomycetes plants- pinus oak VAMFUNGI - zygomycetesplants- coffee , orchids, woody plants
FRANKIA
actinomycetes with root nodules of non leguminous plants - Casuarina and Alnus
Anabaena azollae
symbiotic BGA fixes N2 in leaves of azolla
excellent fertiliser in rice field
azolla pinnata (pteridophyte)
where does anabaena cycadae live
collaroid roots of Cycas (gymnosperm)
plants having mycorrhizal associations show
1. resistance to root pathogens2. tolerance to salinity and drought3.increase in plant growth and development