Nahw Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is Nahw?
It is that science which teaches us: 1. How to join an Ism, Fi'l and Harf to form a complete sentence2. What the Iraab of the last letter of each word should be
What is the subject matter of Nahw?
Kalimah and Kalaam
What is the objective of learning Nahw?
To understand how to read and write Arabic correctly so that we can understand the Qur'an and Hadith thereby ultimately gaining the pleasure of Allah (SWT)
How many types of Lafdh are there?
1. Mowdoo (meaningful)2. Muhmal (meaningless)
How many types of Mowdoo are there?
1. Mufrad (Singular word- conveys one meaning, also called Kalimah)2. Murakkab (Group of words- can be a complete or incomplete sentence)
How many types of Mufrad/ Kalimah are there?
1. Ism (Noun)2. Fi'l (Verb)3. Harf (Particle)
What is an Ism (Noun)?
-It is the name of a person, place or thing-It doesn't have a tense-It is an independent word-It will never get an Alif-Laam and Tanween at the same time
What is a Fi'l (Verb)?
-It denotes an action-It has a tense (past, present/ future)-It is an independent word-A Fi'l can never have an Alif-Laam or Tanween
What is a Harf (Particle)
-A Harf is a particle-It is a dependant word, its meaning cannot be understood without joining it to an Ism, a Fi'l or both.
How many types of Ism are there and what are they?
1. Jaamid- Primary Noun: It is neither derived from another word nor is any word derived from it2. Masdar- Root Noun: Many words are derived from it.3. Mushtaq- Derived Noun: Those Nouns that are derived from a Masdar
How many types of Fi'l are there and what are they?
1. Madhi- Past tense verb2. Mudhare- Present/ Future tense verb3. Amr- Positive command4. Nahi- Negative command
How many types of Harf are there and what are they?
1. Aamil- Causative Particle: It is that Harf which causes Iraab change in the word after it.2. Ghayr Aamil- Non Causative Particle: It is that Harf which does not cause Iraab change in the word after it
How many types of Murakkab are there and what are they?
1. Murakkab Mufeed- A complete sentence (also called Taam and Jumla)2. Murakkab Ghayr Mufeed- An incomplete sentence (also called Naaqis)
How many types of Murakkab Mufeed are there and what are they?
1. Jumla Khabariyya- has the possibility of being true or false2. Jumla Insha'iyya- Does not have the possibility of being true or false
How many types of Jumla Khabariyya are there?
1. Jumla Ismiyya Khabariyya2. Jumla Fi'liya Khabariyya
Define Jumla Ismiyya Khabariyya:
-It is a Nominal sentence-First part is a noun-The second part can be a noun or a verb-The first part is called Mubtada-The second part is called Khabar-Mubatada is generally Ma'rifah and Khabar is generally Nakirah-Both parts are Marfoo'-There can be more than 1 khabar
Define Jumla Fi'liya:
-The first part is the Fi'l and the second part the Faa'il-The Faa'il is always Marfoo'-If the verb is Fi'lul Laazim then it will not have a Mafool as its meaning is already complete-If the verb is Fi'lul Muta'addi then it will get a Mafool as its meaning won't be complete without it (the Mafool will be Mansoob)
How many types of Jumla Insha'iyya are there?
1. Amr- Positive command2. Nahi- Negative command3. Istifhaam- Interrogative4. Tamanni- Desire5. Tarajji- Hope6. Nidaa- Exclamation 7. Ardh- Request/ offer8. Qasam- Oath9. Ta'ajjub- Amazement10. Uqood- Transaction
How many types or Murakkab Ghayr Mufeed/ Naaqis are there?
1. Murakkab Towseefi (Descriptive Phrase)2. Murakkab Idhaafi (Possessive phrase)3. Murakkab Ishaari (Demonstrative phrase)4. Murakkab 'Adadi (Numerical phrase)5. Murakkab Man'us Sarf (Indeclinable phrase)
What is Murakkab Towseefi (Descriptive Phrase)?
-A phrase in which one word describes another-The object being described is called Mowsoof-The describing word is called Siffat-Mowsoof and Siffat have to correspond in 4 things: Iraab, Gender, Number and Quality
What is a Murakkab Idhaafi (Possessive phrase)?
-The phrase in which the first word (Mudaaf) is attributed to the second word (Mudaaf Ilayy)-The Mudaaf never gets Alif-Laam or tanween-The Mudaaf Ilayy is always Majroor-The Iraab of the Mudaaf will change according to the Aamil-Sometimes many Mudaaf or Mudaaf Ilayy are found in one phrase-If a Siffat of the Mudaaf is bought it will come after the Mudaaf Ilayy with an Alif Laam and have the Sam Iraab as the Mudaaf-If a siffat of the Mudaaf Ilayy is bought it will come after it and will correspond in the 4 aspects
What is a Murakkab Ishaari (Demonstrative phrase)?
-A phrase in which one noun (Ismul Ishara) points towards another noun (Mushaarun Ilayy)-The Mushaarun Ilayy must have an Alif Laam-If the Mushaarun Ilayy didn't have an Alif Laam it would be a complete sentence
What is a Murakkab 'Adadi (Numerical phrase)?
-A phrase in which 2 numerals are joined to form a single one- A Harf originally linked the 2-The phrase is only found in numbers 11-19-Both parts of the phrase will always be maftooh except twelve which: raf= Ithna Ashara nasb/jarr= Ithnay Ashara
What is a Murakkab Man'us Sarf (Indeclinable phrase)?
-A phrase in which 2 words are joined together to make w single word-The first part is always Maftooh and the second part changes according to the Aamil-Examples: Hadhara mowtu, ba'labakku
What are the signs of an Ism?
1. It is preceded by Alif Laam2. It accepts Jarr3. It ends with Tanween4. It ends with a round taa5. It is a Dual6. It is a Plural7. It is a Musnad Ilayy8. It is Mowsoof9. It is Mudaaf10. It is Munadaa11. It is Musaggar12. It is Mansoob
What are the signs of a Fi'l?
1. It is preceded by Qad2. It is preceded by Sa3. It is preceded by Sofa4. It is preceded by Harfe Jazm5. It is preceded by Harfe Nasb6. It has a hidden Dhameer7. It is an Amr8. It is a Nahi9. It has a Taa Saakin at the end
What happens when 2 Sukoons come together?
The first one is mostly rendered a Kasrah but in some cases is can be a Fathah or Dhammah
When there is a Ghayr Aaqil plural what will its khabar/ siffat etc be?
The Siffat, Ismul Ishara, Fi'l, Ismul Mowsool and Khabar of a Ghayr Aaqil (unintelligent being) will be Waahid Muannith
What are the Dhamaair and what are their forms?
Dhamaair are pronouns that can be used in the place of names and refer to the number. There are 2 forms: Munfassil and Muttasil
What are the Munfassil Dhamaair?
Huwaa, Humaa, Hum, Hiya, Humaa, Hunna, Anta, Antumma, Antum, Anti, Antumma, Antunna, Anna, Nahnu
What are the Muttasil Dhamaair?
Hu, humma, hum, haa, humaa, hunna, kaa, kumaa, kum, ki, kumaa, kunna, ni/yi, naa
What do the Huroofe Jaara do?
They give a Jarr to the noun they come before- that word is then known as Majroor
What are the Huroof e Jarr?
1. Bi (With)2. Taa (by- for oath)3. Ka (Like)4. Li (For)5. Wa (by- for oath)6. Munzu (Since)7. Muz (Since/ For)8. Khalaa (Besides/ Except)9. Rubba (Many a)10. Haa shaa (Besides/ Except)11. Min (From)12. 'Adda (Besides/ Except)13. Fi (In, regarding)14. 'An (From, regarding)15. 'Alaa (on)16. Hattaa (Up to, until)17. Elaa (Up to, towards)
In what way do the Huroofe Mutashibihaat bil-Fi'l resemble the verb?
They resemble the verb in the way that like Filul Muta'addi they govern 2 words
Where do the Huroofe Mutashibihaat bil-Fi'l appear and what effect do they have?
- They appear before a Mubtada and Khabar- They change the Mubtada to Haalate Nasb (which is then known as the Ism of that Harf)-They change the Khabar to Halate Raf (Which is then know as the Khabar of that Harf)
What are the Huroofe Mutashibihaat bil-Fi'l?
1. Inna- Certainly, verily, indeed2. Anna- That3. Ka anna- As if4. Lakinna- But, However5. Layta- If only, I wish6. La'ala- Maybe, hopefully, perhaps
Where do Inna and Anna come in a sentence?
Inna usually comes at the beginning and Anna comes in the middle. However Inna can come in the middle in two cases:1. If it used after a word with the root letters 'qaaf waw and laam'2. When it is at the beginning of a silat (after ismul mowsool word)
If the Khabar in a sentence with any of the Huroofe Mutashibihaat bil-Fi'l is Jarrun wa Majroor, what happens?
The Khabar comes first and the Ism second
When mal kaafa is added to any of the Huroofe Mutashibihaat bil-Fi'l what happens?
The effect is cancelled
What does Fi'lul naaqisa mean and why is it called this?
Defective verbs. They are called this because even though they are Filul Laazims they need two words to complete the sentence.
What is the effect of the Fi'lul Naaqis?
They change the Mubtada to Halate Raf (and it becomes the Ism of that Fi'l)And they change the Khabar to Halate Nasb (and it becomes the Khabar of that Fi'l)
What are the Fi'lul Naaqisa?
1. Kaana (was)2. Saara (became)3. Asbaha (Happen in the morning/ became)4. Amsaa (Happen in the evening/ became)5. Adh haa (Happen at mid morning/ became)6. Zalla (Happen during the day/ became)7. Baata (Happen during the night/ became)8. Ma daama (as long as)9. Ma zaala (always, continuously)10. Ma Bariha (always, continuously)11. Ma Fatiyaa (always, continuously)12. Man Fakka (always, continuously)13. Laysa (no, not)
When Kaana is used with Mudhare what meaning does it give?
It gives the meaning of past continuous or past habitual.
Which of these can be used both in Mudhare and Amr?
Kaana, saara, asbaha, amsa, adh ha, zalla and baata
Which of these can be used in Mudhare but not in Amr?
Ma zaala, ma bariha, ma fatiya and man fakka
What is similar about laysa and ma daama?
They both are only used in past tense.
What needs to come before Ma Daama?
Another sentence
What does the Khabar of Laysa get?
A bi (ba with a kasrah) before it
What will happen if the Khabar of any Fi'lul Naaqisa is Jarrun wa Majroor?
The words will be swopped so that the Khabar comes first and the Ism second.