Nahw Chapter 2 Flashcards
How many types of words are there when talking about changes?
1. Mu'rab: Harakah on the last letter changes2. Mabni: Harakah on the last letter does not change
What are the 4 Haalats?
1. Haalate Raf: Position of a noun/ verb which has come in a sentence and needs a Dhammah2. Haalate Nasb: Position of a noun/ verb which has come in a sentence and needs a Fathah3. Haalate Jarr: Position of a noun which has come in a sentence and needs a Kasrah4. Haalate Jazm: Position of a verb which has come in a sentence and needs a Jazm
Give examples of words in Halate Raf:
Mubtada, Khabar, Faa'il
Give examples of words in Halate Nasb:
Mafool, Haal
Give examples of words in Halate Jarr:
Mudaaf Ilayy, words after Huroofe Jarr
Give examples of words in Halate Jazm:
Words after lam or lan
How many Mabni Assals are there?
1. All Particles2. Filul Maadhi 3. Amr Haadhir Maroof
What seegahs of Mudhare are Mabni?
Those seegahs of Mudhare that end in Noon Dhameer (2 Jam'a Muannath) and the Noon Thaqeelah/Khafeefah
What are Ghayr Mutamakkin nouns?
They are those nouns whose ends remain unchanged. The reason for this is that they become Mabni due to representing one of the Mabni Assals in the following ways...1. Resemblance in meaning: the word ruwayda resembles the word amhill in meaning which is an Amr Haadhir Maroof2. Resemblance in dependency: haa dha is dependant on a musharun Ilayy to give meaning just like how a harf is dependant on other words for meaning.3. Resemblance in having less than 3 letters: the word Mann has less than 3 letters and so it resembles a Harf in this aspect4. Resemblance in having a Harf originally: like the numbers 11-19
What happens when a Mabni word appears in a place where it is supposed Rafa, Nasb or Jarr?
The end does not change because it is Mabni however, it is said to be in the place of Raf'a, Nasb or Jarr depending on the place in the sentence.
What Verbs are Mu'rab?
Those Seegahs of Filul Mudhare that are:1. NOT Jam'a Muannnath2. NOT Noon Takeed (Thaqeelah or Khafeefah)
What Nouns are considered Mu'rab and what are they called?
Those that accept Iraab changes- they are called Mutamakkin
What are the 8 types of Asmaaul Mabaniyya?
1. Dhamaair ( Personal Pronouns)2. Asmaaul Mowsoola (Relative Pronouns)3. Asmaaul Ishaara (Demonstrative Pronouns)4. Asmaaul Af'aal (Nouns that have the meaning of verbs) 5. Asmaaul Aswaat (Nouns which show a sound)6. Zuroof (Adverbs)7. Kinaayaat (Nouns that indicate an unspecified quantity)8. Murakkab Binaai (Numerical phrase)
What are Dhamaair and when are they used?
Dhamaair are those words that are used in the place of names and refer to the first, second or third person.
How many types of Dhamaair are there?
There are 2 types:1. Baariz (Visible/ Independent)2. Mustatir (Hidden/ Implied)
How does a Baariz (Visible) dhamir appear in a sentence?
In 2 ways:1- Munfassil (unattached)2- Or Muttasil (Attached)
How does a Mustatir (Hidden) Dhameer appear in a sentence?
Always as Muttasil (attached) and in Halate Raf
Will a Mustatir (Hidden) Dhameer ever appear in Halate Nasb or Jarr?
No, it will always appear in Halate Raf.
What are the Munfassil Dhamaair in Halate Raf?
Huwa, huma, hum, heeya, huma, hunna, anta, antuma, antum, anti, antuma, antunna, anna, nahnu
What are the Dhamaair Muttasil in Haalate Raf usually used for?
They are used to indicate the Faail
Which Seegahs of Madhi dont show visible signs of Dhameer Muttasil?
Wahid Muzakar Ghaaib and Wahid Muannath Ghaaib
Which Seegahs of Mudhare dont show visible signs of Dhameer Muttasil?
The 5 Wahid Seegahs
What are the Munfassil Dhamaair in Halate Nasb?
Iyyahu, Iyyahumaa, Iyyahum, Iyyaha, Iyyahumaa, Iyyahunna, Iyyaka, Iyyakuma, Iyyakum, Iyyaki, Iyyakuma, Iyyakunna, Iyyaya, Iyyana
What are the Muttasil Dhamaair in Halate Nasb?
Hu, Humma, hum, haa, humaa, hunna, ka, kumaa, kum, ki, kumaa, kunna, iy/ni, naa
What is one thing that the Dhamaair in Haalate Nasb are used for?
To indicate the Mafool.
When and how will the Dhamaair appear in Haalate Jarr?
When they are Mudaaf Ilayy or preceded by a Harfe Jarr. They will always be Muttasil (attached).
What is a Dhameer Ash-Shaan?
It introduces that the sentence that follows will be masculine.
What is a Dhameer Al-Qissat?
It introduces that the sentence that follows will be feminine.
What is a Dhameer Al-Fassal?
It appears between a Mubtada and Khabar for emphasis.
What is an Ism Mowsool?
A Relative Pronoun. It is a Ma'rifah word whose meaning can only be understood from the sentence (Silla) after it.
What is a Silla?
A Silla is usually a Jumla Khabariyya that has a Dhameer (visible or hidden) which refers back to the Ism Mawsool.
What are the masculine Asmaaul Moswoola?
- Wahid: Alladhi (Who, that, which)- Tathniya Raf'a: Alladhaani (Those 2 who, that, which)- Tathniya Nasb/ Jarr: Alladhayni (Those 2 who, that, which)- Jam'a: Alladheena (Those all who, that, which)
What are the feminine Asmaaul Moswoola?
- Wahid: Allati (Who, that, which)- Tathniya Raf'a: Allataani (Those 2 who, that, which)- Tathniya Nasb/ Jarr: Allatayni (Those 2 who, that, which)- Jam'a: Allaati/ Allawaati (Those all who, that, which)
What are some additional Asmaaul Mowsoola?
(1) Maa and Mann(2) Ayyun and Ayyatun(3) Alif-Laam that comes before Ism Faail/ Ism Mafool(4) Dhu (According to the tribe of Banu Tayy)
What are the similarities and differences between Maa and Mann?
Similaritites:- They are both used for all genders and numbers- They both mean that/ who/ whatDifference:-Mann is used for Dhawil-Uqool (intelligent beings)-Maa is used for Ghayr Dhawil-Uqool (Non-intelligent beings)
What are the similarities and differences between Ayyun and Ayyatun?
Similaritites:- They are both generally Mu'rab- They are both used in IdhaafaDifference:-Ayyun has the meaning of Alladhi (masculine)-Ayyatun has the meaning of Allati (feminine)
What meaning does Alif-Laam give when it comes before Ism Faail or Ism Mafool?
It gives the meaning of Ism Mowsool:So Adh-Daaribu= That hitter
According to what dialect is 'Dhu' considered to be an Ism Mawsool and how is it used?
According to the dialect of Banu Tayy.It is used for all genders and all numbers without its form ever changing (Mabni)
What is an Ismul Ishaara and how many types are there?
It is a Demonstrative Pronoun. It is a noun which is used to point at something. There are 2 types.(1) Qareeb- Used for pointing at something near(2) Ba'eed- Used for pointing at something far
What are the Masculine and Feminine Ismul Ishaara Qareeb (Near) forms?
Masculine:-Wahid: Haadha (This)-Tathniya Raf'a: Hadhaani (These 2)-Tathniya Nasb/Jarr: Hadhayni (These 2)-Jam'a: Ha ulaai (These all)Feminine:-Wahid: Hadhihi (This)-Tathniya Raf'a: Hataani (These 2)-Tathniya Nasb/Jarr: Hatayni (These 2)-Jam'a: Ha ulaai (These all)
What are the Masculine and Feminine Ismul Ishaara Ba'eed (Far) forms?
Masculine:-Wahid: Dhalika (That)-Tathniya Raf'a: Dhaanika (Those 2)-Tathniya Nasb/Jarr: Dhaynika (Those 2)-Jam'a: Ulaaika (Those all)Feminine:-Wahid: Tilka (That)-Tathniya Raf'a: Taanika (Those 2)-Tathniya Nasb/Jarr: Taynika (Those 2)-Jam'a: Ulaaika (Those all)
What is special about the 'Ha' in the Ismul Ishaara Qareeb?
It is not part of the actual words but is a 'Harfu Tanbiyya' (directs attention), however it is so often used with the Ismul Ishaara that it is normally considered to be a part of them.
What is special about the 'Ka' in the Ismul Ishaara Baeed?
It can change according to the number of people being addressed- the meaning will not be affected.
What will happen if the Mushaaran Ilayy is Mudaaf?
It will come after the Mudaaf Ilayy.
If the Ismul Ishaara is a Mubtada what will the Mushaaran Ilayy be?
The Mushaaran Ilayy will generally be Nakirah
If both the Ismul Ishaara and Mushaaran Ilayy are Ma'rifah will it be a complete sentence?
No, a suitable Dhameer will needed to be added between them to make it a complete sentence.
If both the Ismul Ishaara and Mushaaran Ilayy are Ma'rifah, and the Mushaaran Ilayy is a Mudaaf then will a Dhameer need to be added to make it a complete sentence?
No. If the Mushaaran Ilayy (Khabar) is Mudaaf then it is already a complete sentence.
What are the Ismul Ishaara 'here' and 'there' in Arabic, and what rules do they have?
Here: Hunaa/ HaahunaaThere: HunaakaThey don't have any specific rules.
What are Ismul Afaal?
They are those nouns that have the meaning of verbs but do not accept the signs.
Complete the Sentence:Nouns in the meaning of ________________________ give the noun after them a Raf'a
Fi'lul Madhi
Complete the Sentence:Nouns in the meaning of ________________________ give the noun after them a Nasb
Amr Haadhir
What are those nouns that have the meaning of Fi'lul Madhi? (3)
(1) Noun --> Hayhaata Verb --> Ba'uda Meaning --> He/it became far(2) Noun --> Shataana Verb --> Ba'uda or Iftaraqa Meaning --> He/it became far, what a difference(3) Noun --> Sar'aana Verb --> Saru'a Meaning --> He hastened
What are those nouns that have the meaning of Amr Haadhir? (5)
(1) Noun --> Ruwayda Verb --> Amhil Meaning --> Give respite!(2) Noun --> Balha Verb --> Da' Meaning --> Leave! /Give up!(3) Noun --> Haa / Doonaka Verb --> Khudh Meaning --> Take!(4) Noun --> Alayka Verb --> Ilzam Meaning --> Hold on to it! It is necessary on you!(5) Noun --> Hayya/ Hayyahal / Halumma/ Hayta Verb --> 'Ajjil / i'ti / Aqbil Meaning --> Come! / Hasten!
What verbs do these nouns have the meaning of?1- Ta'aala2- Sah3- Haati4- 'Alayya bihi5- Aameena6- Faqat7- Ilayka 'Anni
1- Ta'aala --> i'ti (come)2- Sah --> Uskut (keep quiet)3- Haati --> I'tiy (bring, give)4- 'Alayya bihi --> Ji' bihi 'indi (Bring him/it to me)5- Aameena --> Istajib (accept)6- Faqat --> Iktafi (suffice)7- Ilayka 'Anni --> Taba'ad 'Anni (away from me)
What does 'Mutasarrif' mean, give 2 examples from the Asmaaul Af'aal...
Mutasarrif are those nouns whose form changes.Eg Ta'aala and Haati
What are the Asmaaul Aswaat and how many are there?
Asmaaul Aswaat are those nouns that denote a sound. There are 5:1) Uh Uh (To denote a cough)2) Uff (To denote pain)3) Bakh (To denote happiness/ pleasure)4) Nakha (To make a camel sit)5) Ghaaqa (To denote the cawing of a crow)
What is an Ismu Zarf and what is its other name?
It is a ism (adverb) that gives us an idea of the time and place where or when something is done. Its other name is Mafool Fihi
How many categories of Zuroof are there?
There are 2 categories of Zuroof:(1) Zarfu Zamaan (adverb of time)(2) Zarfu Makaan (adverb of place)
Name 10 words from Zarfu Zamaan:
1) Idh (when)2) Idha (When/if)3) Mataa (When)4) Kayfa (How)5) Ayaana (When)6) Amsi (Yesterday)7) Mundhu/Mudh (Since/from)8) Qattu (Not/Never)9) 'Awdhu (Never)10) Qablu & Ba'du (Before and after)
What is the difference between Idh and Idha?
Idh (When)...-Gives the meaning of Madhi even when it comes before Mudhare-Can come before a Jumla Ismiyya or Fi'liyya-Can come in the meaning of Mafaaja (Suddenness- will be called Idh Fujaaiyya)-Can come in the meaning of Li'anna (Because- will be called Idh Ta'leeliyya)Idha (When/If)...-Gives the meaning of Mudhare even when it comes before Madhi-Gives the meaning of Shart and Jazza but will not give either a Jazm-Can come before a Jumla Ismiyya or preferably Fi'liyya-Can come in the meaning of Mafaaja (Suddenness) but in this case it must be followed by a Jumla Ismiyya.
What is the difference between Mataa and Ayaana?
Mataa (When)...-Is used in general conversation-Can be used as interrogative-Can be used as Shart and Jazza but in this case they will get a Jazm.Ayaana (When)...-Is only used to enquire great events of the future when compared to Mataa-Is used as interrogative
What are the 3 ways Mundhu and Mudh can be used in?
Mundhu/Mudh (Since/From)...1) Can be used to convey the beginning of a time period2) Can be used to refer to an entire time period3) Can be used as Harfe Jarr or Ism (will be Mubtada)
What is the difference between Qattu and 'Awdu?
Qattu (Not/Never)...-Used to emphasize Madhi Manfi (Past Negative)'Awdu (Never)-Used to emphasize Mudhare Manfi (Present Negative)
When will Qablu and Ba'du be Murab and when will they be Murab?
Qablu and Ba'du (Before and After)...-Will be Murab when they are Mudaaf and the Mudaaf Ilayy is mentioned-Will be Mabni when they are Mudaaf and the Mudaaf Ilayy is not mentioned
Name 6 words from Zarfu Makaan and mention some rules regarding them:
1) Haysu (Where) - Is generally Mudaaf to a Jumla2) Qudaamu (In front of) & Khalfu (Behind) - Same rules as Qablu & Ba'du3) Tahtu (Under) & Fawqu (On top, Above) - Same rules as Qablu & Ba'du4) 'Inda (by, at, near, with) - Will get a Kasraf if its preceded by Min5) Ayna/ Anaa (Where) - Are used for Istifhaam or Shart & Jazza (will get Jazm)6) Ladaa/ Ladun (at, by, near, with) - Generally preceded by Min.
What is the difference between 'Inda and Ladaa/Ladun in possession?
For 'Inda: The Possessed thing doesn't need to be present with the personFor Ladaa/Ladun: The Possessed thing must be present with the person
What are the Kinayaat- give 2 examples...
They are those nouns which indicate an unspecified quantity:1) Kam, Kadhaa (so many, so much, how many, how much)(Kadhaa can also be used for 'such and such')2) Kayta Dhayta (so and so, such and such)
How many types of Mu'rab words are there?
There are 2 types of Mu'rab words. 1) Munsarrif2) Ghayr Munsarrif
What are Munsarrif Nouns and what Iraab do they get?
They are those nouns that don't have 2 reasons from the Asbaabu Man as Sarf or 1 reason that is equal to 2. They accept all Harakahs and Tanween
What are Ghayr Munsarrif Nouns and what Iraab do they get?
They are those nouns that have 2 reasons from the Asbaabu Man as Sarf or 1 reason that is equal to 2. They do not accept Kasrah or Tanween. In place of Kasrah they get Fathah.
What are the Asbabu Manas Sarf?
They are the nine reasons that prevent Iraab change:1) Addal2) Wasfun3) 'Alam4) Taneeth5) 'Ujma6) Tarkeeb7) Alif wa Noon Za'idataani8) Wazn e Fi'l9) Jam'a muntahal jum'u
What is Addal and what are its 2 types?
Addal refers to the case when a noun gives up its original form to get a new form. It has 2 types:1) Addal Tahqeeqi- It refers to the case when a noun has a known original form2) Addal Taqdeeri- When it is assumed that a noun had an original form because it it used as Ghair Munsarrif with no other reason except 'Alam.
What is Wasfun and in what 2 conditions will it be Ghayr Munsarrif?
Wasfun is a noun which is a Siffat and is Ghayr Munsarrif. This can happen in 2 cases-1) The Siffat is on the Wazn of Af'alu but its feminine doesn't accept round taa2) The Siffat has Alif wa Noon zaaida taani
What is Alam and how many reasons is it equal to?
Alam is when a noun is a proper noun- name of a person, place or thing. It is equal to one reason and will not be Ghayr Munsarrif on its own.
What is Taneeth, what are it's conditions and how many reasons is it equal to?
Taneeth is a feminine proper noun. It must have one of the following conditions:1) It ends with a round Taa2) It does not end with a round Taa but has more than three letters3) It is a non Arabic 3 letter word and the middle letter is Saakin
Will Alif Maqsoorah and Alif Mamdoodah be Munsarrif and Ghair Munsarrif?
Alif Maqsoorah and Alif Mamdoodah are feminine and they are Ghair Munsarrif because they're equal to 2 reasons.