Political Geography Ap Human Geography Unit 4 Flashcards
state
A country that has a sovereign government, defined borders, and is recognized by other states.
nation
An ethnic group with political ties; A culturally defined group of people that share the same beliefs, language, history, religion, and region.
nation-state
One nation, one state; A state dominated by one homogeneous culture group.
multistate nation
A nation across multiple state borders.
stateless nation
A nation that is dispersed as a minority across more than one state.
multinational state
A country diversified with more than one nation represented by the state.
autonomous region
A formal region within a state that enjoys limited sovereignty; Similar to devolution.
sovereignty
State control; Independence; Authority in internal domestic affairs.
Supranationalism
An organization that operates across multiple states for political, economic, or military cooperation; States transfer some sovereignty to the union by joining.
colonialism
Policy by which a nation administers a foreign territory and develops its resources for the benefit of the colonial power.
imperialism
A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.
nationalism
Identifying with, becoming attached to, and pledging loyalty to one's nation.
centripetal force
Phenomena that bring a nation together to support the state.
centrifugal force
Phenomena that divide the state.
unitary state
Power concentrated in the hands of central government officials.
federal state
Shared power between a central government and local governments.
devolution
The transfer of power from the central government to regional governments within the state.
gerrymandering
Redistricting for the benefit of one political party or group.
geometric boundary
A political boundary defined and delimited as a straight line or an arc based on a grid system.
Natural boundary
A political boundary defined and delimited by a prominent physical feature in the natural landscape, such as a river or the crest ridges of a mountain range.
landlocked state
A state without access to ocean resources.
compact state
State shape that is most efficient.
elongated state
State shape that can be challenging for communication because of its long form.
prorupted state
State shape that has a protrusion in order to give the state access to resources.
perforated state
State shape that completely surrounds another state.
fragmented state
State shape that has separations either by ocean (islands) or an intervening state.
enclave
A state that is surrounded by another state or states.
Ethnicity
Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions.
Race
a socially imposed definition by the dominant group
Apartheid
Laws in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas
Balkanization
Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
Ethnic Cleansing
A process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removed a less powerful one in order to create and ethnically homogeneous region
Self determinisim
The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
Shatterbelt
a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals (e.g., Israel or Kashmir today; Eastern Europe during the Cold War,...).
City State
A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland
Frontier
A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control
Decolonization
The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.
Territorial Morphology
A state's geographical shape, which can affect its spatial cohension and political viability.
Irrendentism
the policy of a state wising to incorporate within itself territory inhabited by people who have ethnic or linguistic links with the country but that lies within a neighboring state
Satellite State
A political term that refers to a country which is formally independent, but under heavy influence or control by another country.
Demarcated Boundary
identified by physical objects place on the landscape, such as a sign, wall, or fence.
Multiethnic state
A state that contains more than one ethnicity
Substate political unit
State, Province, County
United Nations Convention Law of the Seas
UN document of agreement among coastal states defining how they should divide the earth's bodies of water.
antecedent boundary
a boundary line established before the area in question is well populated
Ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.
Exclave
a part of a country that is seperated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory.
Horizontal Integration
Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level
Militarized Boundary
A boundary that is heavily guarded and discourages crossing and movement.
open boundary
a boundary where crossing is unimpeded
relic boundary
a former boundary line that is still discernible and marked by some cultural landscape features
Subsequent Boundary
a boundary line that is established after the area in question has been settled and that considers the cultural characteristics of the bounded area
superimposed boundary
a boundary line placed over and ignoring an existing cultural pattern
Vertical Integration
Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution
allocational border dispute
when a resource lies on two sides of a border
defintional boundary dispute
a disagreement over where a border actually is
locational border dispute
When the border moves, like a river changing course or a lake drying up
operational border disputes
when borders are agreed to, but passage across the border is a problem
Territoriality
In political geography, a country's or more local community's sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended.