Principles Of Anatomy And Physiology By G.Tortora Flashcards

runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts. (Transverse is perpendicular to long axis of an organ, horizontal is from front to back)

Oblique Sections

cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes

Dorsal Body Cavity

protects the fragile nervous system organs, has 2 subdivisions

Vertebral Cavity (Spinal Cavity)

runs within the bony vertebral column, encloses the delicate spinal cord

Ventral Body Cavity

the more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities, has 2 major subdivisions, houses internal organs called Viscera

Thoracic Cavity

surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest

Pleural Cavities

lateral subdivision of Thoracic Cavity, enveloping a lung, and the Medial Mediastinum

Pericardial Cavity

encloses the heart and also surrounds the the remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea, and others)

Abdominopelvic Cavity

seperated from thoracic cavity by the diaphram, a dome shaped muscle important in breathing. Has abdominal and pelvic cavities

Abdominal Cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs

Pelvic Cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Serosa (Serous Membrane)

the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered by this thin double layered membrane

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Divisions used primarily by medical personnel

Abdominopelvic Regions

Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists

Umbilical region

The centermost region, which includes the umbilicus

Epigastric Region

LOcater superior to the umbilical region

Right and Left Iliac or Inguinal Regions

located lateral to hypogastric regions, superior part of the hip bone

Right and Left Hypochondriac Regions

Flank the epigastric region laterally

Oral and Digestive Cavities

aka mouth, teeth and tongue, this cavity is part of and continuous with the cavity of the digestive organs which opens to the exterior at the anus.

Nasal Cavity

located within and posterior to the nose, part of the respiratory system passageways

Orbital Cavities

in the skull house the eyes and present them in an anterior position

Middle Ear Cavities

carved into the skull lie just medial to the cardrums. contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears.

Are joint cavities, enclosed within the fibrous capsules that surround freely movable joints of the body i.e. elbow and knee joints.Secreate a lubricating fl. tht reduces friction as the bones move acrossone another.

What is anatomy?

the study of structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

What is physiology?

the study of function of the body - how the body parts work and carry out their life sustaining activities

What is gross or macroscopic anatomy?

the study of the large body structures, visible to the naked eye such as heart, lungs kidneys

What is regional anatomy?

the study of all the structures in a particular region of the body.ex: abdomen or legs

What is systemic anatomy?

the study of body systems such as the cardiovascular system

What are the 3 different subdivisions of gross or macroscopic anatomy?

regional, systemic, and surface anatomy

What is surface anatomy?

the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface - e.g. - identifying the bulging muscles beneath a bodybuilders skin or to locate appropriate blood vessels in which to feel pulses or draw blood

What are 2 subdivisions of study for microscopic anatomy?

cytology (cells) and histology (tissues)

What is developmental anatomy?

Tracing structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span -- Embryology is a subdivision of developmental anatomy that concerns developmental changes occurring before birth

What are some subdivisions of physiology?

renal physiology (operation of kidney), neurophysiology (nervous system), and cardiovascular physiology (operation of the heart and blood vessels)

What is the principle of complementarity?

anatomy and physiology are inseparable, the function always refects structure and what a structure can do depends on its specific form.

In what way does physiology depend of anatomy?

the operation or function of a structure is dictated by its anatomy

Would you be studying anatomy or physiology if you investigated how muscles shorten? If you explored the location of the lungs in the body?

Muscle shortening is a topic of physiology. The body location of the lungs is an anatomy topic.

What are the levels of structural organization?

chemical (atoms and molecules), cellular, tissue, organ, organ system and organismal level

What does the digestive system do?

takes in nutrients, breaks them down into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)

What does the respiratory system do?

takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide

What does the urinary system do?

eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions

What does the cardiovascular system do?

via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to deposal organs

What does the integumentary system do?

Skin, hair and nails protect the body as a whole from the external environment - drying out, bacteria, heat, sunlight, chemicals

all ____ depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs

cells

_ work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions

organ systems

Integumentary system

Forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury - made up of hair, nails and skin

Skeletal System

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints

Muscular system

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Made up of skeletal muscles

Nervous system

The fast acting control system of the body; it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles muscles and glands. Made up of the the brain, nerves and spinal cord

Endocrine system

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. Mad up of pineal, pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands, thymus, pancreas, ovaries and testis

Cardiovascular system

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood. Made up of blood vessels and heart

Lymphatic system/ immunity

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood, disposes of debris in lymphatic system, houses while blood cells involved in immunity. Immune system attacks foreign substances in the body. Mad up of red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, and lymph nodes

Respiratory system

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Made up of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs and bronchus

Digestive system

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces Made up of oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum , and anus

Urinary system

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Made up of kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra

Male and female reproductive systems

Production of offspring. For male: prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens. female: mammary glands, ovary, uterine tube, uterus, and vagina

What are some functions of the lymphatic system?

it picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity;

What are the necessary life functions?

maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction and growth

What is metabolism?

a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within the bodyincludes breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks (catabolism), synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler ones (anabolism), and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP, the energy rich molecules that power cellular activities

What are the survival needs?

Nutrients (needed for energy and cell building), oxygen (approx. 20% of the air we breathe), water (60-80% of our body), normal body temp. (37 c) and atmospheric pressure (force that air exerts on the surface of the body

What is homeostasis?

the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world

What are control mechanisms for homeostasis?

3 components -- the receptor is a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes, called stimuli and then sends info to the control center where it is analyzed and determines the appropriate response or course of action (determines the set point - the level that must be maintained) and then the info flows to the effector which provides the means for the control centers response to the stimulus (output). The results of the response then feed back to influence the effect of the stimulus by either reducing it (negative feedback) or enhancing it (positive feedback)

What is negative feedback within homeostasis? and example

the response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus regulation of body temp (nervous mechanism) regulation of blood sugar (endocrine mechanism)

What separates living beings from nonliving objects?

Living organisms are able to maintain their boundaries, move, respond to environmental change, digest nutrients, carry out metabolism, dispose of wastes, reproduce and grow. while inanimate objects do not exhibit all of these

What name is given to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells

metabolism

Why is it necessary to be in a pressurized cabin when flying at 30,000 feet?

because the atmosphere is thinner at high altitudes and the amount of oxygen entering the blood under such conditions may be insufficient to maintain life

What's the process of negative back for regulation of blood volume by ADH

Receptors sense decreased blood volume, control center in hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone ADH, ADH causes the kidneys (effectors) to return more water to the blood.

What is positive feedback examples

the response enhances, exaggerates or accelerates the original stimulus (cascades); exhibits an amplifying effect; usually controls infrequent events ex: enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin, platelet plug formation and blood clotting

Homeostatic imbalance is the ...what does this cause?

disturbance of homeostasis increases risk of disease, contributes to changes associated with aging, may allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over (heart failure)

the head is _______ to the abdomen

superior

the navel is ______ to the chin

inferior

the breastbone is _____ to the spine

anterior (ventral)

the heart is _____ to the breastbone

posterior (dorsal)

the heart is _____ to the arm

medial

the arms are _____ lateral to the chest

lateral

the collarbone is _________ between the breastbone and shoulder

intermediate

the elbow is _______ to the wrist

proximal

the knee is ___ to the thigh

distal

the skin is ________ to the skeletal muscles

superficial

the lungs are _____ to the skin

deep

What process allows us to adjust to either extreme heat or extreme cold?

Negative feedback mechanisms allow us to adjust to conditions outside the normal temperature range by causing heat to be lost from the body and retained or generated by the body.

When we begin to get dehydrated, we usually get thirsty, which causes us to drink fluids. Is thirst part of a negative or a positive feedback control system?

thirst is part of a neg. feedback control system because it prods us to drink which ends the thirst stimulus and returns body fluid volume to the normal range

Why is the formation of platelet plug called positive feedback? What event ends it?

This is a pos. feedback mechanism because it enhances the change set into motion by the stimulus. The response ends when the platelet plug has plugged the hole in the blood vessel.

The two fundamental divisions of our body

Axial part - head, neck and trunk. Appendicular part- appendages or limbs

Regional terms are used to ......

designate specific areas within major body divisions

The most frequent planes

Sagittal, Frontal, Transverse

Sagittal plane

vertical plane- divides the body into right and left parts

Midsagittal plane

median for the sagittal plane

Parasagittal plane

offset from the midline or midsagittal plane

Frontal plane

vertically divide the body into ventral and dorsal parts

transverse or horizontal plane

horizontal from right to lfet dividint eh body into superior and inferior parts

oblique sections

are cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the verical planes

What cavity is the brain in?

cranial cavity

what cavity contains the spinal cord

vertebral cavity

what cavity contains the heart and lungs

thoracic cavity

what is between the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity

diaphragm

what cavity contains the digestive viscera

Abdominal cavity

what cavity contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectum

pelvic cavity

what are the three parts of the thoracic cavity

superior mediastinum, pluerla cavity, pericardial cavity within the mediastinum

what does the dorsal body cavity contain

cranial and vertebral cavity

what does the ventral body cavity contain

thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities

what cavity in the thoracic cavity contains the lungs

pleural cavities

what cavity in the thoracic cavity contains the heart and esophagus and trachea

pericardial cavity

the walls of the ____ body cavity are covered by a thin, double layered membrane

ventral

the double layered membrane covering the the outer surfaces of the organs is the ...

serosa or serous membrane

The part of the membrane lining the cavity walls is called the ....

parietal serosa

When the parietal serosa folds in on itself it forms the ....

visceral serosa

in the body the serous membranes are separated by a thin layer of lubricating fluid called,,,

serous fluid

the _ _ is the center most region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (naval)

umbilical region

the ___ _ is located superior to the umbilical region

epigastric region

the _ __ is located inferior to the umbilical region

hypogastric region (pubic)

the right and left __ or _ regions are located lateral to the hypogastric region

iliac or inguinal regions

the right and left ______ regions lie lateral to the umbilical region

lumbar

the right and left _____ regions lie lateral to the epigastric region

Hypochondriac

what region is the liver, diaphragm and gallbladder in

right hypochondriac

what region is the stomach, diaphragm and liver in

Epigastric region

what region is the diaphragm in

left hypochondriac

what region is the ascending colon of the large intestine in

right lumbar region

what region is the small intestine and the transverse colon of the large intestine in

umbilical region

what region is the descending colon of the large intestine in

left lumbar region

what region is the cecum and appendix in

right iliac region (inguinal )

what region is the urinary bladder and the small intestine in

hypogastric region

what region is the initial part of sigmoid colon in

left iliac region (inguinal)

What is the anatomical position? And why is it important that you learn this position?

The position in which a person is standing erect with feet slightly separated and palms facing anteriorly. knowing the anatomical position is important because directional terms refer to the body as if it is in this position

The axiliary and acromial regions are both in the general area of the shoulder. Where specifically is each located?

axillary region is the armpit. acromial area is the tip of the shoulder

whay type of cut would separate the brain into aterior and posterior parts?

a frontal (coronal ) section would separate the brain into anterior and posterior parts

joe went to the emergency room where he complained of severe pains in the lower right quadrant of this abdomen. what might be his problem

appendicitis

Of the uterus, small intestine, spinal cord and heart, which is /are in the dorsal body cavity?

only the spinal cord

When you rub your cold hands together, the friction between them results in heat that warms your hands. why doesnt warming friction result during movements of the heart, lungs and digestive organs

As mobile organs work fiction is greatly reduced by the presence of seours flued. seous fluid allows the surrounding serous membranes to glide easily over one another

In the upper limbs, the _____ side is considered medial and the radial side is considered lateral due to the palms facing forward in the anatomical position.

ulnar

Principles Of Anatomy And Physiology By G.Tortora Flashcards ionicons-v5-c

Principles Of Anatomy And Physiology By G.Tortora Flashcards