Principles Of Anatomy And Physiology Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
science of body structures and the relationships among them
Physiology
science of how body functions-how the body works
Chemical level
(ABC) smallest, very basic, includes atoms (smallest unit) and molecules (2+ atoms joined together), CHONPCaS, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and glucose found in the body
Cellular level
(words) molecules combine to form cells-the basic structural/functional units of organisms and the smallest living units in the body ex. nerve, muscle, epithelial
Tissue level
(sentences) groups of cells & materials surrounding them working together for a particular function 4 basic types 1. epithelial 2. connective 3. muscular 4. nervous
Organ level
(paragraphs) diff types of tissues are joined together to make organs= structures composed of 2 or more diff types of tissues; have specific functions and usually recognizable shapes ex) stomach, skin, heart, lungs
System level
(chapter0 system: consists of related organs with a common functionex. digestive system (mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, etc)sometimes an organ can be a part of more than 1 system
Organism level
organism: any living individual all parts of the human body functioning together constitute the total organism
Integumentary System
protects body, helps regulate body temperature, eliminates some wastes, helps make vitamin D, detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold, stores fat and provides information components: skin and associated structures (hair, fingernails, sweat/oil glands)
Skeletal system
supports and protects body, provides surface area for muscle attachments, aids body movement, houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids (fat)components: bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages
muscular system
participates in body movements such as walking, maintains posture, produces heatcomponents: specifically skeletal muscle tissue- muscle usually attached to bones (other muscle tissues include smooth and cardiac)
Nervous system
generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities, detects changes in body's internal and external environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions components: brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs such as eyes and ears
endocrine system
regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ)components: hormone-producing glands
cardiovascular system
heart pumps blood through blood vessels, blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and CO2 and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids, blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vesselscomponents: blood, heart, blood vessels
lymphatic system
returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood, contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease causing microbescomponents: lymphatic fluid and vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and tonsils, cells that carry out immune responses (B &T cells,etc)
respiratory system
transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and CO2 from blood to exhaled air, helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids, air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces soundcomponents: lungs, air passageways, etc
digestive system
achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates solid waste components: organs of gastrointestinal tract
urinary system
produces, stores, eliminates urine, eliminates waste and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood, helps maintain acid base balance of body fluids, maintains body mineral balance, helps regulate production of red blood cellscomponents: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
reproductive system
gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes, mammary glands produce milk
metabolism*
sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
catabolism
the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
anabolism
building up of complex chemical substances from smaller/simpler components
responsiveness*
body ability to detect and respond to changes
movement*
includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells and tiny structures inside cells
growth*
increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells or both
differentiation*
development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state
reproduction*
1) formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement 2) production of a new individual
homeostasis
the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body regulatory processes DYNAMIC CONDITION
body fluids
volume and composition maintained by homeostasis (dilute/watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals found inside & around cells)
intracellular fluids
fluid within cells (ICF)
extracellular fluid
fluid outside body cells (ECF)
interstitial fluid
narrow space between cells of tissues that is filled with ECF, often called body internal environment (exchange/change of comp of interstitial fluid)
disturbances of homeostasis
external, internal, psychological
quicker change in homeostasis
nervous system sends nerve impulses to organs
slower change in homeostasis
endocrine system secrets hormones
Feedback system'''
cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is evaluated, changed, remonitored and reevaluated
receptor'
in feedback loopbody structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition & sends input to a control center
afferent pathway
TO control center, typically in form of nerve impulses
control center'
ex brain, sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained (set point), evaluates the input it receives from receptors and generates output commands (output in form of nerve impulses, hormones, chemical signals)
efferent pathway
info sent AWAY from control center
effector
Body structure that receives output from the control center & produces a response/effect that changes the controlled conditionnearly every organ/tissue can behave as one
negative feedback system
negating it, reverses a change in the controlled condition ex/ high blood pressure -> DROPS to normal
positive feedback system
enhancing it, tends to strengthen or reinforce a changeex) contractions in child birth, blood clottingless common, CAN "run away"
homeostatic imbalances
1) environment/own behavior2) genetic makeup3) air you breathe, food you eat, even thoughts you think
disorder
any abnormality of structure of function
disease
illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs or symptoms
symptoms
subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to the observer
signs
objective changes a clinician can observe/measure
epidemiology
study of why/when/where diseases are transmitted
pharmacology
study of the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease
Anatomical position
subject stands erect facing the observer with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward, lower limbs parallel and feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, upper limbs are at sides with the palms turned forward
prone
body laying facedown
supine
body laying face up
Head
skull: encloses and protects the brainface: front portion of the head (eyes, nose, mouth, forehead, cheeks &chin)
neck
supports head & attaches to the trunk
trunk
chest, abdomen & pelvis
upper limb
attaches to the trunk & consists of the shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist and hand
lower limb
attaches to trunk, button, thigh, leg, ankle, foot, and groin(trunk attaches to thighs)
cephalic
head
cranial
skull
facial
face
frontal
forehead
temporal
temple
orbital/ocular
eye
otic
ear
buccal
cheek
nasal
nose
oral
mouth
mental
chin
cervical
neck
sternal
breastbone
mammary
breast
axillary
armpit
brachial
arm
antecubital
front of elbow
antebrachial
forearm
carpal
wrist
palmar/volar
palm
digital/phalanges
fingers/toes
umbilical
navel
coxal
hip
inguinal
groin
pollex
thumb
manual
hand
pubic
pubis
femoral
Thigh
patellar
anterior surface of knee
crural
leg
pedal
foot
tarsal
ankle
dorsum
top of foot/back of hand
hallux
great toe
occipital
base of skull
scapular
shoulder blade
vertebral
spinal column
olecranal/cubital
back of elbow
dorsal
back
lumbar
loin
sacral
between hips
gluteal
buttock
perineal region
region of anus and external genitals
popliteal
hollow behind knee
sural
calf
plantar
sole
calcaneal
heel
superior/cephalic/cranial
toward the head, or the upper part of a structure
inferior/caudal
away from the head, or the lower part of a structure
anterior/ventral
near to or the front of the body
posterior/dorsal
nearer to or the back of the body
medial
nearer to the midline (an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides)
lateral
farther from the midline
intermediate
between the two structures
ipsilateral
on the same side of the body as another structure
contralateral
on the opposite side of the body from another structure
proximal
nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk, nearer to the origination of a structure
distal
farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk, farther from the origination of a structure
superficial/external
toward or on the surface of the body
deep/internal
away from the surface of the body
planes
imaginary flat surfaces that pass thru body parts
sagittal plane
vertical plane divides left and right
midsagittal/median plane
thru midline, equal left and right
parasagittal plane
unequal left and right regions
frontal/coronal plane
divides front and back portions
transverse plane
superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions ALA cross-sectional/horizontal
oblique plane
any angle other than 90
Body cavities
spaces that enclose internal organs
cranial cavity
formed by cranial bones contains braincontinuous w vertebral cavity
vertebral cavity
formed by vertebral column (backbone) and contains spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves continuous w cranial cavity
thoracic cavity
chest cavity (formed by ribs, muscles, sternum) and thoracic vertebral column
pericardial cavity
fluid filled space around heart
2 pleural cavities
1 around each lung, fluid filled space
mediastinum
central portion, contains all thoracic organs expect the lungs
abdominopelvic cavity
encircled by abdominal muscular wall and bones and muscles of pelvis divided into 2 portions with no wall
viscera
organs inside thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
membrane
thin, pliable tissue that covers,lines, partitions/connects structures
serous membrane
double layered1)parietal layer: thin epithelial lines cavity walls2)visceral layer: thin epithelial covers and adheres to viscera within cavities
pleura
serous membrane of pleura (lung) cavities
peritoneum
serous membrane of abdominal cavity