Psychology 121 Flashcards

Little Albert Experiment

John B. Watson, 1920, classical conditioning

The first psychology experiment

Norman Triplett, 1897, individual's performance facilitated by others. 10-12 years fish alone or in pairs. Pairs do better.

Factors affecting obedience in Milgram's 1974 experiment?

immediacy, authority, peer pressure, cross-cultural differences, gender

Difference between normative and informational influence?

Normative- compliance, concern about perception, privately disagreeInformational- conversion, others are right, agreeing privately

a reduction of individual effort when working on a collective task (together)

deterioration or improvement of tasks based on presence of humans (presence of)

Bob Altemeyer's definition of authoritarianism

conventionalism (preference for tradition in social relationships)Authoritarian submissionAuthoritarian aggression

"View's of Self" categories

Idiocentric (personal qualities), allocentric (sociable, relationships), large group, small group

The norm of reciprocity

The norm of reciprocity is the expectation that people will respond favorably to each other by returning benefits for benefits

Confirmation Bias

To interpret new evidence as confirmation of one's existing beliefs or theories.

Theory

A set of statements designed to explain a set of phenomena

Procedure

Six steps1. Making Observations2. Defining the Question3. Systematically collecting data4. Define the sample5. Assessing the external validity 6. monitoring demand characteristics

Hypothesis

can be exploratory more refined than theory a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

What are the three types of research?

observational, correlational, experimental

What is observational research?

This method involves careful observation of behaviour in the 'real world' without intervening directly with the participants (naturalistic observation). It is descriptive, allowing us to collect information about a phenomenon. It is the only methodavailable in some areas - e.g. how doctors and patients communicate. It is often not replicable and does not allow us to control events so as to isolate cause and effect.

Correlational research?

This method attempts to establish whether there are links or associations between two or more variables, without manipulating either one. You should note that we cannot infer causality from correlational research. However, we can make predictions about a variable based on its relationship to another variable. when a topic can't be studied by experimentationwhether and how closely two different sets of information are relationpositive: y increases, x increasesnegative: y increases, x decreases

Correlation coefficient symbolised by letter

r can be between +1 and -1, 0 no relationship.

Method of experimentation

This is the only research design from which we can argue the direction of causality - A disadvantage of experiments is that they tend to be artificial because researchers often must construct simple, contrived situations in order to isolate the effect of one variable on another. Therefore, doubts can arise as to whetherfindings will apply to 'every day behaviours' outside the lab.

Variable

things that can be manipulated or measured in an experiment

Independent variable (IV)

are those manipulated by the researcher, varied deliberately, and systematically to see effect on dependant variables.

Dependent variable (DV)

observed by researcher, records their changes

Predictor variables

in some types of research (correlational designs) instead of IV and DV

Control variable

constant during duration of experiment

extraneous variables

contaminate the findings

what is operationalisation?

the definition of a variable in terms of the experiment performed to measure it. We do not know the meaning of a concept unless we have a method of measuring it

Data can be measured as

QuantativeQualitive

First psych lab

Wilhelm Wundt 1879

Craniometry

size of skull=size of brain

Phrenology

shape of head= indication of character and mental illness

Burrhus Frederic Skinner

year (1904-1990)Skinner developed radical behaviorism Principle of reinforcement

Abraham Maslow

Maslow's hierarchy of needs: fulfilling innate human needs in priority Humanistic theory of personality, leader of humanistic psychology

William James

'functionalism'- function of mental process. study of mental activity. How an organism adapts to its environment. Established laboratory in 1881

Sigmund Freud

psychoanalysisimportant school of psychology founder 1881

Gestalt

The laws of our ability to acquire and maintain meaningful perceptions in an apparently chaotic world.

Philip Zimbrado

Known for Standford prison experiment psychological effects of being a prisoner/prison guardAugust 14-20, 1971

Stanley Milgram

American social psychologist known for obedience experiment(August 15, 1933 - December 20, 1984)

Carl Rogers

Humanistic approachFounder of psychotherapy

Solomon Asch

Gestalt psychologist and pioneer of social psychology. The nature of the whole, fundamentally alters its parts. Solomon Asch (1951, 56) - conformity in unambiguous situations, jewish atrocitysemi circle with one real participant conformed to others

Dr. Bart Hughes

Trepanation, the act of drilling holes into ones brain to enhance function. (April 23, 1934 - August 30, 2004)

Phineas Gage

Railroad worker1848

John Locke

18th centuryIn Locke's philosophy, tabula rasa was the theory that at birth the (human) mind is a "blank slate"Tabula rasa

Franz Joseph Gall

phrenologyskull shape = character9 March 1758 - 22 August 1828

Galen and Lavater

4 personalities based on fluidsGalen (2nd Century AD)Personality results from balance of four fluids ("humors" - adapted from Aristotle, or possibly hippocrates):Lavater (18th Century AD): Essays on Physiognomy (1789) personality types

Descartes (17th century)

argued that some ideas (God, the self, etc) are innate

Broca (19th century)

craniology size of skull =size of brain brain= intelligence

Sheldon (20th century)

3 body shapes

Francis Galton

He was the first to apply statistical methods to the study of human differences and inheritance of intelligence

Evolutionary psychology

everything we do --> genetic inheritance

Nativism

The theory that concepts, mental capacities, and structures are innate

Saguine

cheerful, more blood

Melancholic

black bile, unhappy

choleric

yellow bile, bad tempered

phlegmatic

phlem, calm

Pascal's Wager

best interest to behave as though god exists punishment isn't worth it

Endomorph

slow moving

mesomorph

competitive

ectomorph

self concious

Pygmalion effect- Rosenthal effect

higher expectation = higher performance

Placebo

psychological benefit, rather than physiological

Hawthorne effect

individuals modify or improve their behaviour in response to their awareness that someone is observing them

Philosophy

socrates, plato

Phisiology

father of medicine Hippocrates

Psyche + Logos

soul/mind + study

Empiricism

all knowledge based on experience

Structuralism

psychology concerned especially with resolution of the mind into structural elements

Fuctionalism

how the conscious is related to human behaviour. How the mind effects what people do

Autokinetic effect

Sherif (1935) participants alone or in groups in a room alone: own standard estimategroups: similar estimates

Informational influence

conversionothers are rightgood impression

Normative influence

complianceperception disagreeing privately

Group membership and consistency

behaviour of group mem becomes normconformity goes up and member increase

Authoritarian personality

conventionalismagressionsubmissioninitiated in childhood --> emotional dependence and obedienceanger displaced onto weaker others

The Machiavellian Christie and Geis 1970

cynical disregard for morality

Adolf Eichmann sentenced to death

1961

1963

Milgrim's procedure15-450 V15 V increments incorrect answers345 learner stops responding

1963 results-

estimates- 10% would exceed 150 V control group- 5% exceeded 150 Vexperimental- 368 average shock level 1974- identical compliance genders 65%

Abu Ghraib

2003 Us army and CIA --> human rights violations

Maximilien Ringelmann (1913)

size of groups when doing a task Ringelmann effect- productivity decreases as group size increases young men alone or in groups pulling rope

Ingham, Levinger, Graves, Peckham (1974)

individual pulling alone: control experimental: pseudo groupsreal groups

Bibb Latane

Latane, Williams, Harkins (1979)

replicated Ingham screaming, shouting, cheering, clappingsame results

Bystander intervention

March 1964 Kitty Genovese is killed Latane conducts 'bystander effect' studieslone bystander likely to aid than several

Ivan Pavlov

Every time the dogs were served food, the person who served the food was wearing a lab coat. Therefore, the dogs reacted as if food was on its way whenever they saw a lab coat.In a series of experiments, Pavlov then tried to figure out how these phenomena were linked. For example, he struck a bell when the dogs were fed. If the bell was sounded in close association with their meal, the dogs learnt to associate the sound of the bell with food. After a while, at the mere sound of the bell, they responded by drooling.

Golem effect

The golem effect is a psychological phenomenon in which lower expectations placed upon individuals either by supervisors or the individual themselves lead to poorer performance by the individual

Latane and Roden

1969Male subjects complete questionnaire in bathroom 1 alone (70% help) 2 friend (40%) 3 with confederate (7%)

Latane and Darley

1970smoke test, similar results emergency with more people = slower results

Factors contributing to bystander effect

diffusion of responsibility audienceinfluence stangers vs friends

Albert Bandura

The Bobo doll experiment was the collective name of experiments conducted by Albert Bandura in 1961 and 1963 when he studied children's behavior after watching an adult model act aggressively towards a Bobo doll.

Latane and Dabbs

1975car break down experiment

Who is the author of the book "Pedagogy of the Oppressed" (1970) which presented the 'Process of Liberation'?

Paulo Freire

Who developed the idea of the 'heritability of intellect'?

Francis Galton

One of the criticisms of using questionnaires in research about Authoritarian Personality is Acquiescence Bias. Which description below describes Acquiescence Bias?

Participants have a tendency to agree with all the questions or to indicate a positive connotation when in doubt.

Important writing in cross-cultural psychology

Wilhelm Wundt-Elements of Folk psychology (1921) Sigmund Freud - Totem and Taboo (1913) and Moses and Monotheism (1939)Carl Juang ( Man and his symbols) 1964

Tension between cultural psychology and general psycology

General psychology: all of human psychology is universally experienced in different ways Cultural psychology: mind is shaped by its experiences different cultures= different experiences

Ethnographic Data

Blindness to underlying similarities between human groups and cultures because one is dazzled by the more visible surface differences.

What is culture? (Triandis, 2002)

shared way of life of a peopleshared system of symbolic meaningsa particular kind of information from people of same speciesa particular group of individuals eg sports team

When does culture emerge?

adaptive interactions. shared elements, time periods, generationsIMPORTANT: culturally transmitted skills

Joseph Henrich, Steven J Heine, Ara Norenzayan

2010- WEIRD W-WesternE- EducatedI-IndustrializedR- Rich D-Democratic vast majority of psych participants are WEIRD

Culture and the self:Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation

Hazel R Markus and Shinobu Kitayama (1991) QUOTED 15268 times!

Two types of self

Independant Interdependent

F-scale measures

Ethnocentrism, Political-economic conservatism, implicit antidemocratic trends and potentiality for fascism

Personal Space measures

Intimate Personal Social Public

7 basic emotions

joy surprise sadness angerdisgust fearcontempt

Figuring out a correlation equation

Correlation Coefficient (r) :_______P- value (p) :_______Degrees of freedom (df) (Note: df = n-2) : _______ The correlation will be presented in the following format in the results section: r (df) = ____, p = ___ (or p < .001 if p is reported on the output as .000) Your tutor will help you to fill in the correlation below: r ( ) = _______, p ________In frequentist statistics, the p-value is a function of the observed sample results (a test statistic) relative to a statistical model, which measures how extreme the observation is. The p-value is the probability that the observed result has nothing to do with what one is actually testing for.

Liberation psychology

started in Latin america after 1950s Pablo Freire's popular education 1964influenced by political and intellectual movements

Altercentrism

alterto be concerned on

Education Act of 1989

academic freedom

Origins of Liberation psychology

Liberation theology- christian ideals of equality and recognitionmainstream empirical psychology (culturally limited but claimed universality)

Indigenous psychology

The scientific study of human behaviour (or mind) that is native, that is not transported from other regions, and that is designed for its people (Kim, Berry 1993)

Maori Indigenous psychology

challenging psychology with a culture based approach iwi, hapu, whanau, mana, wakapapa influenceMaori health- hauoraWairua: Has the intervention made you feel stronger in yourself as a MÄori? (spiritual)Hinengaro: Has the intervention led to an improvement in the way you think, feel and act? (mental)Tinana: Has the intervention resulted in an improvement in your physical health?WhÄnau: Has the intervention led to an improvement in the way you get on with others, especially your whÄnau?(Durie & Kingi, 1998)

Psychology 121 Flashcards ionicons-v5-c

Psychology 121 Flashcards