Psychology Flashcards

A psychologist studies the effect of sex hormones on aggressive behavior. Another compares the brain waves of depressed persons with those of schizophrenics. A third studies the effects of brain surgery on the eating behavior of laboratory rats. Despite the differences in their research, all three are probablyA) evolutionary psychologists.B) structural psychologists.C) physiological psychologists.D) personality psychologists.E) developmental psychologists.

If a psychologist is interested in why people help or fail to help during an emergency, that psychologist likely specializes inA) health psychology.B) environmental psychology.C) forensic psychology.D) clinical psychology.E) social psychology.

The correct answer is D. A questionnaire is a set of written questions that can be answered by a large number of people, and then scored quickly

In order to gather data quickly from a large number of people, a researcher would use theA) experimental method.B) correlational method.C) naturalistic observation.D) questionnaire method.E) case history method.

The correct answer is E.In random assignment, participants are assigned to different experimental groups at random (equally likely to be assigned to any given group). This reduces the probability that there will be systematic, pre-existing differences between groups.

Experiments use random assignment in order toA) gather participants from a variety of sources.B) eliminate the need for a control group.C) increase the value of double-blind experiments.D) prevent participants from guessing the true nature of the experiment.E) minimize pre-existing differences between the groups.

The correct answer is B.Control groups are used to provide a point of comparison with members of the experimental group. The control group provides a baseline against which to compare the changes produced by the experimental intervention.

In an experiment designed to test the effect of alcohol on aggression, the randomly selected group that ingests soda instead of alcohol is called theA) experimental group.B) control group.C) dependent group.D) non-aggressive group.E) independent group.

The correct answer is E.Freud became interested in patients suffering from hysteria, a disorder in which psychological factors cause physical symptoms.

Sigmund Freud turned his interests from medical to psychological processes after encountering patients suffering fromA) schizophrenia.B) tuberculosis.C) lung cancer.D) severe depression.E) hysterical conversion.

The correct answer is A.Humanistic theorists emphasize that the natural tendency for humans is towards healthy growth and self-actualization (fulfillment of potential).

The idea that human behavior is directed toward growth, self-expression, and fulfillment BEST characterizesA) humanistic psychology.B) cognitive psychology.C) Freudian psychology.D) behavioral psychology.E) physiological psychology.

The correct answer is E.Cognitive psychologists study the ways in which we learn about our environment, store the knowledge in our memory, process that knowledge, and use it to act with forethought in novel situations.

Dr. Reisburg is studying the thinking process in infants. Her area of specialization is probablyA) introspection.B) behaviorism.C) sociology.D) psychoanalysis.E) cognitive psychology.

The correct answer is E.Ethical principles state that the participants must be protected from foreseeable harm, that they must not be coerced, and that they must be informed of all procedures in advance. In some research, participants could experience discomfort, but the benefits of the experiment should outweigh the costs.

Ethical guidelines for conducting experimental research require that psychologists must do all of the following EXCEPTA) avoid violating the confidentiality of information provided by research subjects.B) consider the dignity and welfare of research subjects.C) avoid needless harm and exploitation of animal subjects.D) not use coercion to get or keep participants for a study.E) avoid experiments that bring discomfort or embarrassment to test subjects.

The correct answer is D.Dendrites receive information from neurotransmitters, which are produced by other neurons to convey information.

The neuron receives messages from other neurons through itsA) axon.B) nucleus.C) cell body.D) dendrites.E) myelin.

The correct answer is A.The communication between neurons is a never-ending chain. Any point on the neuron could be considered the starting point as long as: a) dendrites always receive messages, b) the cell body always decodes information gathered by the dendrite, c) the axon always receives and forwards messages from the cell body, and d) the axon sends messages - via neurotransmitters - to the dendrites of the next neuron.

Which of the following represents the correct order of transmission of a neural impulse?A) The message is received by the cell body, passed down the axon, where it jumps across the synaptic gap and activates the dendrite.B) The message avoids axons altogether, and passes from cell body to dendrite back to cell body.C) The message is received by the axon, and is passed to the cell body and then to the Dendrite.D) The message is received by the dendrite, jumps across the synaptic gap to the axon, and is then passed to the cell body.E) The message is received by the dendrite, is passed to the axon, and then jumps across the synaptic gap to the cell body.

The correct answer is B.Neurons accumulate information and fire - or send a message - when they receive multiple messages from other neurons at one time or in quick succession.

A neuron usually fires whenA) it is malfunctioning.B) it receives multiple messages at one time or in quick succession.C) it receives a single message from another neuron.D) messages arrive very slowly and are spaced far apart.E) messages to inhibit are very strong.

The correct answer is A.The surface of the cerebral cortex has many folds and creases; this effectively increases the total surface area of the cortex.

Folds and creases within the brain are most evident in theA) cerebral cortex.B) right hemisphere.C) midbrain.D) hypothalamus.E) medulla.

The correct answer is B.EEG is short for electroencephalograph. It measures electrical activity in the brain.

Marvin's physician is looking at amplified tracings of his brain's electrical activity.The device being used is called a(n)A) EKG.B) EEG.C) CAT scan.D) MRI.E) PET scan.

The correct answer is B.The cerebellum is located at the bottom rear of the brain. Cerebellum means "little brain" and it assists with many of the tasksâparticularly motor-basedâthat are performed by the four lobes of the cerebral cortex.

The cerebellum isA) an extension of the front part of the cerebral cortex.B) involved in the coordination of muscle movements.C) the smallest lobe of the cerebral hemispheres.D) a bundle of nerve fibers that allow the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate with each other.E) found only in the human species.

The correct answer is C.The medulla controls breathing and heart rate.

Coordination of breathing and heart rate is controlled primarily in a part of the brain stem called theA) reticular formation.B) pons.C) medulla.D) cerebrum.E) hypothalamus.

The correct answer is E.The association cortex controls higher intellectual functioning, while the sensory cortex monitors sensation and the motor cortex generates physical movement.

The association cortexA) monitors sensations.B) is located in the brainstem.C) controls body movement.D) controls protective reflexive reactions.E) is the seat of intellectual processes.

The correct answer is D.Sensory adaptation is the tendency of sensory receptors to adjust to a stimulus and stop responding after a time.

Getting used to an obnoxious odor in a closed room is an example ofA) desensitization.B) sensory decrement.C) selective attention.D) sensory adaptation.E) lateral inhibition.

The correct answer is B.The optic nerve leaves the eye and travels to the brain. Information from the right and left fields of vision cross over to the other side of the brain at the optic chiasm; this crossing over creates a slight blind spot.

The optic nerve leaves the retina at theA) fovea.B) blind spot.C) macula.D) iris.E) optic chiasm.

The correct answer is C.According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, our visual sensation of color results from three types of cones and rods. Each pair is turned on by one color and turned off by the opposite color. It is the particular pattern of impulses that determines what we see.

The opponent-process theory suggests that color vision is determined byA) three color receptors in the retina.B) rods and cones directly opposite each other on the retina.C) cells for blue-yellow, red-green, and white-black in the thalamus.D) the variable transmission of light waves to the brain.E) the angle at which the image falls on the retina.

The correct answer is C.Equilibrium is the sense of the position of our body, as well as our ability to maintain it in space. Equilibrium is maintained by a combination of gravity and the position of the fluid in the inner ear.

Jackie has an inner ear infection. The sense that she is MOST likely to notice because of its impairments isA) selectivity.B) hearing.C) equilibrium.D) kinesthesis.E) adaptation.

The correct answer is C.Closure is our tendency to fill in the gaps if an image is incomplete.

A cartoonist sketches characters in brief outline, yet people recognize them. The perceptual process by which we fill in gaps in order to "see" a complete object isA) convergence.B) perceptual constancy.C) closure.D) proximation.E) interposition.

The correct answer is A.Babies as young as nine months old are reluctant to crawl on a pane of glass that looks down over a cloth several feet below.

Visual cliff experiments on children suggest that depth perception isA) at least partially an inborn ability.B) related to the rule of closure.C) learned at a very young age.D) a function of both size and brightness constancy.E) closely related to the sense of touch.

The correct answer is E. A prototype is a "best example" of a category, containing the main features of that category. Therefore, a robin is a good prototype of a bird (feathers, flight), and a penguin is not.

A prototype (or schema) of a giraffe would be a(n)A) innate image of what a giraffe looks like.B) photo of a particular giraffe.C) idea of how a giraffe feeds.D) a list of giraffe features.E) generalized mental model of a giraffe.

The correct answer is C.Pheromones are odorous chemical secretions that are sexually attractive to members of the same species. They are important in animal sexual behavior but contribute little to human sexual behavior.

Pheromones areA) receptor cells for vision.B) receptor cells for taste and smell.C) odor chemicals produced by animals.D) devices for measuring sound loss in humans.E) chemical substances that help neurons communicate.

The correct answer is B.REM sleep occurs towards the end of each sleep cycle. Each sleep cycle lasts approximately 90 minutes.

REM sleep typically begins approximately how long after one falls asleep?A) within a half-hourB) 70-90 minutesC) 90-120 minutesD) 120-180 minutesE) anytime after 180 minutes

The correct answer is B.One sleep cycle is 90 minutes and most people sleep eight hours.

During a typical night's sleep, most people experience about _____ complete cycles of sleep.A) two or threeB) four or fiveC) seven or eightD) ten or moreE) the number varies with each individual.

The correct answer is C.Babies sleep up to 18 hours per day.

Betty has just had a baby and wonders if her baby is sleeping too much. You could tell her that an infant sleeps as many as _____ hours a day.A) 24B) 22C) 18D) 9-10E) 7-8

The correct answer is C.There is no one personality type that is associated with alcoholism.

Research into the causes of alcoholism has shown all of the following EXCEPTA) people can become alcoholics even if they do not have a genetic predisposition towards alcoholism.B) heredity apparently plays some role.C) there is an alcoholic personality type.D) it occurs in persons from all walks of life.E) males are heavier drinkers than females.

The correct answer is A.Amphetamines are also known as stimulants.

Drugs that are used to boost energy, stay awake, or lose weight are calledA) amphetamines.B) endorphins.C) opiates.D) hallucinogensE) neurotoxins

The correct answer is D.An unconditioned response does not have to be learned. It reflexively occurs in the presence of an unconditioned stimulus. A dog does not need to learn to drool (UCR) when presented with meat (UCS).

In behavioral terms, a reflex action would be called a(n)A) conditioned stimulus.B) unconditioned stimulus.C) conditioned response.D) unconditioned response.E) paired association

The correct answer is C. In classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus comes to have meaning (becomes a conditioned stimulus) only after repeated pairings with the unconditioned stimulus.

In classical conditioning, the stimulus that does NOT initially produce a conditioned response is theA) unconditioned stimulus.B) unlearned stimulus.C) conditioned stimulus.D) orienting stimulus.E) positive reinforcer.

The correct answer is D.A conditioned response is a learned response. It occurs after exposure to the conditioned stimulus and mimics the unconditioned response. In Pavlov's experiment, the dogs learned to drool to the sound of the bell (CS) after the bell had been repeatedly paired with food (UCS).

If you salivate at the sight of McDonald's "Golden Arches," you are showingA) an unconditioned response.B) a reflex action.C) a conditioned stimulus.D) a conditioned response.E) learned helplessness.

The correct answer is C.Stimulus generalization is the tendency to respond in the same way to any stimulus that is similar to the original stimulus.

In conditioning, when a stimulus that is similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus also elicits the conditioned response, the phenomenon is calledA) paired association.B) stimulus discrimination.C) stimulus generalization.D) response discrimination.E) response generalization.

The correct answer is E. An unconditioned response is a behavior that occurs automatically. People are reflexively afraid of loud noises.

In Watson's experiment with Albert, the unconditioned response wasA) fear of the rat.B) fear of John Watson.C) a loud noise.D) a white rat.E) fear of the loud noise.

The correct answer is B.Operant conditioning explains the role of reinforcement in learning. Shaping a behavior incrementally is a form of reinforcement. It does not have a comparable counterpart in classical conditioning.

A concept primarily related to operant but not to classical conditioning isA) reinforcement.B) shaping.C) stimulus discrimination.D) spontaneous recovery.E) stimulus generalization.

The correct answer is E.Delayed rewards or punishments are ineffective reinforcers for animals or young children; they cannot make the connection between the event and the reinforcement because of the time lapse.

If, three hours after the event, a two-year-old child is rewarded for "going potty," this delayed reward will probablyA) extinguish all bowel behavior.B) cause him not to mess his pants again.C) cause him to expect a reward whenever he uses the toilet.D) make the child want to "go potty" more often.E) have no effect on the child's behavior.

The correct answer is D.Fixed refers to an event that is predictable. Interval refers to the passage of time. This child is being rewarded on a fixed interval schedule.

A child is rewarded with candy after every 30 minutes that she behaves appropriately.This procedure is calledA) shaping.B) continuous reinforcement.C) a variable interval schedule of reinforcement.D) a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement.E) a fixed ratio schedule.

The correct answer is B. In a token economy, objects given as rewards can be accumulated and exchanged for other reinforcers. Reinforcement is central to operant conditioning.

Token economy programs involve principles ofA) punishment.B) operant conditioning.C) classical conditioning.D) biofeedback.E) latent learning.

The correct answer is C.Although punishment can decrease the frequency of behaviors, it tends only to suppress the unwanted behavior. Rewarding alternative positive behavior as well is more effective than utilizing punishment alone.

Punishment isA) more effective than the use of rewards.B) inconsistent with operant principles.C) most effective when used with rewards.D) totally inappropriate with babies and animals.E) not able to produce a significant change in behavior.

The correct answer is A.Another term for observational learning is modeling.

Observational learning is often referred to asA) modeling.B) insight.C) mimicryD) alpha-conditioning.E) higher-order conditioning.

The correct answer is B.Acoustic means "sound."

Sarah remembers things better when she hears them than when she reads them. Sarah's learning style favors _____ encoding.A) semanticB) acousticC) iconicD) implicitE) mnemonic

The correct answer is D.Episodic memory is memory of personal experiences.

Jennifer and Paneka both remember going to a party, but they disagree on who was there. They differ in theirA) procedural memory.B) working memory.C) semantic memory.D) episodic memory.E) implicit memory.

The correct answer is E.Interference theory states that when people forget it is not because the memories are actually lost, but because other information gets in the way of what a person is trying to remember. This tendency is increased when two items from memory become confused because they are too similar.

Interference with memory is MOST LIKELY to occur when you areA) in a positive emotional state.B) in a negative emotional state.C) anxious.D) learning information dissimilar to earlier learning.E) learning material similar to earlier learning.

The correct answer is B. A mnemonic device is a memory aid, particularly for straight memorization. It often involves chunking and/or elaboration.

If you think of "BEGS" to remember "butter, eggs, garbage bags, soap" at the grocery store, you are usingA) consolidation learning.B) a mnemonic device.C) the method of loci.D) a memory chunk.E) memory encoding transfer.

The correct answer is B.Syntax is the rules of grammar that relate to sentence structure.

"Mary yelled at John" is different from "John yelled at Mary" because ofA) semantics.B) syntax.C) phonemes.D) parapraxes.E) heuristics.

The correct answer is B.Heuristics are "rules of thumb" or mental shortcuts.

Heuristics refers toA) mathematical formulas and procedures.B) "rules of thumb" that are likely to be successful in problem solving.C) listening carefully to instructions from an experimenter.D) a technique which, if followed, will always yield the correct solution.E) techniques that can be used to enhance memory.

The correct answer is B.An achievement test measures accumulated knowledge in a specific area or domain; aptitude tests measure what a person is likely to be good at without specific learning.

A test that measures how much one knows about U.S. history would be called a(n)A) aptitude test.B) achievement test.C) intelligence test.D) avocation test.E) validity test.

The correct answer is B.Most psychologists agree that there is no biological basis for difference in IQ scores between different races. In this society, race is often entwined (confounded) with socioeconomic status, which in turn correlates with differences in intellectual development.

Which of the following does NOT explain the gap in IQ scores between blacks and whites?A) environmental stressors in poor neighborhoods.B) heredity and biologically-based differences.C) differences in average levels of nutrition.D) differences in socioeconomic status.E) differences in levels of criticism in the early years at school

The correct answer is E. A standardized test requires participants to answer a series of questions that are identical for all participants (a and d). It should ideally be both valid, (B), and reliable, (C).

A standardized test is one thatA) has been pre-tested on a representative sample of the group for whom the test is intended.B) should accurately measure what it claims to measure.C) should produce consistent results when given at different times to the same person.D) compares an individual's score against the scores of other people taking the test.E) does all of the above choices.

The correct answer is E.The six main emotions appear to be universal; they are easily recognized by people from diverse cultures.

Evidence from research suggests that facial expressions associated with the basic emotions are NOT LIKELY to beA) learned by imitation.B) acquired from feedback.C) classically conditioned responses.D) programmed by heredity.E) substantially different from one culture to another.

The correct answer is B.The cognitive theory of emotion (also called the two-factor theory) maintains that many different emotions have similar types of physiological arousal. It is the context and the cognitive label used that differentiates one emotion from another.

According to the cognitive theory of emotion, the experience of an emotion depends onA) a conscious decision of whether or not to experience an emotion.B) autonomic nervous system arousal and the cognitive interpretation of a situation.C) the state of mind prior to entering a situation and the arousal of the thalamus.D) personality traits and the nature of a situation.E) the particular chemical changes in the hypothalamus and the labeling of a sensation.

The correct answer is D.The hypothalamus regulates basic survival needs: hunger, fight vs. flight, and reproductive behavior.

The area of the brain that seems MOST CLOSELY related to hunger is theA) cerebral cortex.B) amygdala.C) corpus callosum.D) hypothalamus.E) medulla.

The correct answer is B.Endorphins are the body's naturally-produced pain killers.

People who are particularly sensitive to the experience of painA) may have overactive fast pathways.B) may be deficient in endorphin production.C) may have a malfunctioning gate-control mechanism.D) may have an overproduction of prostaglandins.E) may have too many pain receptors in their skin.

The correct answer is A.Sexual orientation is the attraction felt towards persons of a given sex.

The direction taken by the motive for sex defines ourA) sexual orientation.B) sexual attitudes.C) lack of inhibition.D) sexual energy.E) erotophilia.

The correct answer is E.Transsexuals feel that they are in the wrong body.

The correct term for people who feel that their physical bodies are at odds with their psychological identity are calledA) heterosexual.B) bisexual.C) transvestites.D) homosexual.E) transsexual.

The correct answer is A.Self -actualizers - those who attempt to fulfill their maximum potential - are likely to be internally (intrinsically) motivated.

Self-actualization is most likely to be related toA) intrinsic motivation.B) extrinsic motivation.C) drives.D) emotions.E) needs.

The correct answer is A.Females are genetically XX. They contribute an "X" chromosome to all of their offspring. Males are XY. They contribute an "X" to 50% of their children, on average, and a "Y" to the other 50%.

The sex of a child is determined by the genetic contribution ofA) the father.B) the mother.C) any ancestor.D) either parent.E) both parents.

The correct answer is E.Infants appear to be biologically preprogrammed to develop motor skills at about the same age, regardless of early experience.

Which is NOT true of early physical growth?A) Newborn babies have all the muscle fibers they will ever possess.B) The skeleton at birth is largely composed of cartilage that is softer and more pliable.C) Some of the fibers of the nervous system develop protective sheaths that make them faster and more efficient conductors of nervous impulses.D) As the child grows, unused synapses in the brain are "pruned."E) The process of maturation can be speeded up to a great extent by exercise and stimulation.

The correct answer is C.The correct order of development for Piaget's stages is sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.

In Jean Piaget's theory, the order in which developmental stages occur isA) sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational, preoperational.B) preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational.C) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.D) preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor.E) sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational.

The correct answer is D.Infants who are securely attached use the mother as a secure base from which to explore the environment and gradually develop independence.

Infants who are securely attachedA) fear strangers.B) are indifferent to the presence of the mother.C) becomes anxious when the mother leaves.D) use the mother as a secure base.E) are always in close contact with the mother.

The correct answer is A.Bulimics tend to binge and then purge, whereas anorexics severely restrict their caloric intake and are very underweight.

People with bulimiaA) are often normal weight.B) are most often middle aged females.C) use extreme dieting.D) are more often male than female.E) are more commonly black adolescents, while white adolescents tend toward anorexia.

Of the following, the person who is MOST LIKELY to be at the conventional level of moral reasoning isA) John, who decides not to steal a book because he might be punished.B) Jerry, who decides to contribute to the building fund because he is afraid his friends will disapprove of him if he doesn't.C) Sandra, who resists the urge to run a red light at 3 a.m. because she doesn't want a ticket.D) Arthur, who decides to contribute to the building fund because of self-developed moral principles.E) Ken, who decides to follow through on a commitment he made because he fears revenge by his partners if he doesn't follow through.

The correct answer is E. All of the choices are correct.

Women going through menopauseA) cease menstruating.B) may have hot flashes.C) may experience mood swings.D) are, on average, in their early 50s.E) all of the choices are correct.

The correct answer is D.Although there are individual differences, the MOST common order of occurrence of Kubler-Ross's stages of death and dying is denial - anger - bargaining - depression - acceptance.

Of the following, the MOST common order of occurrence of Kubler-Ross's stages of death and dying isA) bargaining - anger - denial - acceptance - depression.B) anger - denial - depression - bargaining - acceptance.C) bargaining - anger - denial - depression - acceptance.D) denial - anger - bargaining - depression - acceptance.E) depression - anger - bargaining - denial - acceptance.

The correct answer is D.According to Freud, libido is a basic energy that is directed at satisfying needs. Although people today use the term to mean "sex drive," Freud's meaning is much broader than just sex.

According to Freud, libido isA) a part of the phallic stage of development.B) the sex drive.C) the aggressive drive.D) a basic energy that is directed at satisfying needs.E) most strongly associated with the ego.

The correct answer is A.Regression is a Freudian defense mechanism where the individual under stress retreats to an earlier, safer time in development.

Retreating toward behavior that usually characterizes a lower level of maturity is calledA) regression.B) repression.C) reaction formation.D) displacement.E) projection.

Albert Bandura is MOST CLOSELY associated withA) humanistic theory.B) neopsychoanalytic thinking.C) radical behaviorism.D) Gestalt theory.E) social cognitive theory.

The correct answer is D.Trait theorists assume that personality is made up of different combinations of traits or dispositions.

A personality theory that describes a person in terms of dominance, sensitivity, extroversion, and the like is a _____ theory.A) psychoanalyticB) humanisticC) learningD) traitE) rational emotive

The correct answer is A.The Rorschach test is a projective test that is comprised of inkblots.

The Rorschach Test consists of a series ofA) inkblots.B) photographs.C) true-false items.D) essay questions.E) self-report questions.

The correct answer is C.According to Selye, in response to stress, the body goes through the stages of alarm, resistance and exhaustion.

Hans Selye's term "general adaptation syndrome" refers toA) the degree to which psychological hardiness provides a buffer against stress.B) the body's psychological response to stress.C) a similar, physiological reaction to stress regardless of source.D) a series of defense mechanisms used by the mind to resist stress.E) the genetic factors that determine an individual's predisposition to stress.

The correct answer is C.Somatoform disorders are also called conversiondisorders or hysteria because psychological factors are converted to physical symptoms. Examples include "glove anesthesia" and hysterical blindness.

Which of the following statements is true of somatoform disorders?A) There is no physical basis for these disorders, and persons suffering from them do not generally require medical attention.B) They are a form of hypochondriasis.C) They are physical disorders in which emotions are believed to play a central role.D) They are believed to be of two primary types, ulcers and heart disease.E) They are disorders that are entirely psychological with no involvement of bodily processes.

Which of the following combinations is related to optimism and happiness?A) self-esteem, enthusiasm, personal controlB) personal control, extroversion, self-efficacyC) self-efficacy, personal control, and self-actualizationD) extroversion, self-actualization, personal controlE) self-esteem, personal control, extroversion

The correct answer is A.Bipolar disorder is characterized by periods of mania alternating with periods of depression.

Bipolar disorder has been referred to asA) manic-depressive illness.B) double depression.C) schizophrenia.D) histrionic depression.E) anti-social personality disorder.

The correct answer is B.Anorexia nervosa is characterized by dramatic weight loss and by reduction in eating.

The eating disorder characterized by dramatic reduction in eating and loss of weight, as well as continual efforts to lose even more weight, is known asA) obsessive consumption disorder.B) anorexia nervosa.C) bulimia.D) neurotic eating disorder.E) the disorganized eating syndrome.

The correct answer is D.Anxiety with no identifiable cause is called generalized anxiety disorder. By contrast, phobias involve a fear of some specific, identifiable object.

Alice feels vaguely uneasy and tense much of the time, but she is unable to pinpoint the cause of her feelings of apprehension. Alice is suffering fromA) phobic disorder.B) histrionic personality disorder.C) obsessive-compulsive disorder.D) generalized anxiety disorder.E) panic disorder.

The correct answer is D. A phobia is an irrational fear of an object or situation. Matt is afraid of a specific, identifiable event.

Matt has an extreme fear of being caught in a thunderstorm and is constantly anxious whenever there are clouds in the sky. Matt's intense, irrational fear is an example of a(n)A) panic disorder.B) generalized anxiety disorder.C) dysthymic disorderD) phobic disorder.E) affective disorder.

The correct answer is A.Defense mechanisms such as repression are used by the ego to protect against feelings of anxiety resulting from unacceptable impulses. When repressed impulses come to the surface during therapy, the client may become resistant to the therapy that unleashed them.

When repressed impulses reach a client's consciousness, the client is likely to showA) resistance.B) transference.C) extinction.D) aversion.E) aggression

The correct answer is B.Person-centered therapists believe that humans have an innate drive toward self-actualization that is likely to be achieved in a warm, accepting, and supportive environment.

Person-centered therapy most emphasizesA) re-organizing disordered thought processes.B) warmth and acceptance by the therapist.C) reinforcing desirable behavior.D) gaining insight into the causes of one's disturbances.E) a cognitive, problem-solving approach.

The correct answer is A.Behavior therapists believe that behavior is maintained because of rewards and punishments in the person's past learning. By changing the reinforcements, one can change the behavior.

Behavior therapists generally give strong emphasis toA) changing the person's reinforcement history.B) identifying faulty thought patterns.C) uncovering unconscious conflicts.D) free will and personal responsibility.E) self-acceptance and acceptance of others.

The correct answer is D.According to behavior therapists, the symptom IS the problem; it is not necessary to delve into cognitive factors.

Tom tells his therapist that he believes his compulsive gambling is a symptom of his unconscious hostility toward his family. His therapist, however, says "No, Tom, your problem isn't unconscious hostility; your problem is gambling." Tom's therapist is probably aA) Gestalt therapist.B) person-centered therapist.C) reconstructive therapist.D) behavior therapist.E) psychoanalyst.

The correct answer is E.Cognition deals with thoughts. The main goal of cognitive therapists is to help the person identify and change irrational thought patterns that produce atypical behaviors.

A basic assumption underlying cognitive approaches to therapy is thatA) positive reinforcement is more effective than punishment in controlling abnormal behavior.B) tokens that can later be traded for candy or privileges serve as effective reinforcers.C) praise and social approval serve as effective reinforcers.D) people are innately positive and strive toward self-improvement.E) abnormal behavior results from what and how the client thinks.

The correct answer is A.Placebos are given to control group participants in order to determine whether participants' expectations have unintentionally influenced the experimental results.

An ineffective substance (one with no effect on body mechanisms) is sometimes given to patients participating in studies on the therapeutic effectiveness of drugs. This ineffective substance given to control-condition subjects is called a(n)A) placebo.B) positive control substance.C) inert control.D) precursor.E) teratogen.

The correct answer is B.Anti-depressants such as Prozac and Paxil are called SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.)

Antidepressant drugs are thought to work byA) being acetylcholine agonists.B) increasing the brain's supply of norepinephrine and serotonin.C) decreasing the effects of dopamine on nerve synapses.D) stimulating the pituitary gland.E) altering the cognitions of the depressed patient.

The correct answer is A.Modern anti-psychotic drugs allowed many people to be deinstitutionalized. Unfortunately, many of them became "street people" because they were unable or unwilling to continue to take their medication.

Compared with the number of people with schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis living in public mental health hospitals, the number living in public shelters and on the street isA) much greater.B) about the same.C) much fewer.D) unknown.E) currently decreasing.

The correct answer is C.The $1.00 participants were unable to make an external attribution for their participation (I got paid a lot) and therefore made an internal attribution instead (I must like it).

In Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment on cognitive dissonance, the subjects who reported the greatest enjoyment of the boring task were the ones whoA) were of low intelligence.B) were paid $20.00.C) were paid $1.00.D) were ordered to comply.E) performed the task with a group of people.

The correct answer is D.An attribution is an attempt, either internally or externally-based, to explain behavior.

In psychological terms, attribution is theA) analysis one does of the costs and benefits of a study before conducting it.B) tendency to view all members of a particular group as being relatively the same.C) beliefs, feelings, and typical behaviors a person displays toward a particular object.D) explanation of a particular behavior.E) debriefing provided to a subject after an experiment is concluded.

The correct answer is D.Attributions can be either internal (dispositional) or external (situational). All of the choices except (D) are attributions about the situation. (D) is an attribution about the person.

If you fail an exam, a dispositional attribution of your failure would beA) "I could have done better if I hadn't had a cold."B) "The professor didn't explain the material very well."C) "I had to work the night before the exam."D) "I've never taken examinations as seriously as I should."E) "My roommate distracted me while I was trying to study."

The correct answer is A.Conformity involves changing in order to fit in. In Asch's experiment, the participant was not required or instructed to change his estimate (obedience).

Solomon Asch performed an experiment in which a group of people judged the length of lines, but only one person in the group was an actual subject. He was studyingA) conformity.B) obedience.C) cognitive dissonance.D) group conflict.E) prejudice.

The correct answer is B.The door-in-the-face technique of persuasion begins by making a large request that is likely to be rejected followed by a smaller request which will seem more acceptable by comparison.

Which of the following compliance techniques starts with a large request followed by a small request?A) foot-in-the-doorB) door-in-the-faceC) lowballingD) social comparisonE) social facilitation

The correct answer is C. In group think, critical decision-making is sacrificed in favor of maintaining group harmony.

The main reason why group think occurs is that people want to beA) secureB) right.C) in agreement.D) unique.E) superior.

The correct answer is C.Phillip Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment investigated the effect of role-playing on attitudes and behaviors.

Who conducted the mock prison experiment?A) AschB) MilgramC) ZimbardoD) ZajoncE) Sherif

The correct answer is A.Proximity means "close to."

Friendship that develops because people live near to each other is based onA) proximity.B) similarity.C) familiarity.D) attractiveness.E) reinforcement.

The correct answer is B.Average scores of two variables are compared to determine whether they rise and fall together. Correlation is always at the level of the group, never the individual. Cause and effect cannot be determined from correlational data.

Correlation is a technique thatA) measures personality.B) compares groups of scores.C) focuses on individuals.D) allows us to determine cause and effect.E) provides proof of the existence of a trait.

The correct answer is C. In an experiment, one variable at a time is manipulated while all other variables are held constant. This is done in order to ensure that any results are due only to the variable being manipulated.

Cause and effect can BEST be determined through theA) correlational method.B) direct observation.C) experimental method.D) case history method.E) questionnaire technique.

Set up the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.

Wilhelm Wundt

People that believe that consciousness is made up of basic elements that are combined in different ways to produce different perceptions.

Structuralists

People who focus on how mental experiences are adaptive.

Functionalists

An approach that believes thoughts, feelings, and behaviors stem from the interaction of innate drives, and society's restrictions on the expression of those drives. (specifically, sexual and aggressive drives)

Psychodynamic Approach

An approach that focuses on how people react to changes in environmental stimuli.

Behavioral Approach

An approach that focuses on how the physiological process might produce a psychological phenomena.

Biological Approach

An approach that explains behavior in terms of thoughts and feelings.

Cognitive Approach

An approach that states a human's behaviors are determined by a genetic code. They believe that people are "basically good".

Humanistic Approach

The variable in an experiment that causes a change in another variable.

Independent Variable

The variable in an experiment that is the result of another variable.

Dependent Variable

A _________ is a similarity between two things that describes the strength of the relationship.

Correlational Coefficient

Takes information from the body and transmits it to the brain.

Sensory Neurons

Sends information from the brain to the body.

Motor Neurons

Controls arousal and sleep. Low levels of ______ usually indicate depression.

Serotonin

Drugs that mimic a particular nerotransmitter or block it's signal.

Agonists

Includes the sensory and motor neurons that connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.

Peripheral Nervous System

Carries information from your muscles and tissues to the central nervous system. Controls sensations of pressure, pain, and temperature.

Somatic Nervous System

Regulates the body's internal environment. Controls glands, organs, etc.

Autonomic Nervous System

Part of the Autonomic Nervous System. Prepares your body for action by quickening your heartbeat.

Sympathetic

Part of the Autonomic Nervous System. Makes it possible for you to relax.

Parasympathetic

Part of the brain. Controls breathing, and heartbeat.

Brainstem

Part of the brain. Controls touch, taste, and hearing.

Thalamus

Part of the brain. Controls arousal and sleep.

Reticular Formation

Part of the brain. Controls coordination of voluntary movement.

Cerebellum

Part of the brain. Processes memory

Hippocampus

Part of the brain. Influences fear and anger

Amygdala

Part of the brain. Controls urges of hunger, thirst, and sexual intercourse.

Hypothdamus

Part of the brain. Controls higher levels of thinking, such as planning and predicting the consequences of behaviors.

Frontal Lobes

Part of the brain. Controls sense and touch.

Parietal Lobes

Part of the brain. Controls hearing

Temporal Lobes

Part of the brain. Controls sight.

Occipital Lobes

An area of psychology that addresses the topic of sensation. How sensitive we are to changes in stimulation.

Psychophysics

The theory that our ability to notice a stimulus will vary due to psychological factors like motivation, past experience, and expectations.

Signal Detection Theory

The minimum stimulation needed for a given person to detect a given stimulus.

Absolute Threshold

The belief that any given difference is harder to notice with more intense, powerful stimuli than with weaker ones. (The difference of 20 watts seems greater between the 40-watt, and the 60-watt bulb, than a 90-watt and 70-watt.)

Weber's Law

_________ Predisposes us to attend to stimuli that matter to us, and ignore stimuli that doesn't.

Sensory Adaptation

These Psychologists formulated rules by which the brain pieces together meaningful experiences out of fragments of sensation.

Gestalt Psychologists

When an object partially blocks out another, so we think that the first object is closer.

Interposition

When a texture becomes finer and softer as it moves further away.

Texture Gradients

The apparent movement of stable objects as we ourselves move.

Motion parallax

A period where exposure to appropriate stimuli is required in order for the various perceptual skills to develop.

Critical Period

When the body gets into a sleep/wake rhythm

Circadian Rhythm

Uncontrollable attacks of sleep during waking hours.

Narcolepsy

According to Sigmund Freud, this content in dreams are images that actually appear to the dreamer.

Manifest Content

According to Sigmund Freud, this content in dreams is a wish that the dreamer would suppress if they were awake.

Latent Content

A theory about dreams that while asleep, the brain's neurons fire randomly, and as we awake, we construct a dream to make sense of those images.

Activation Synthesis Theory

The theory that dreams are a way to sort through the day's events and stamp them into our memory.

Information-Processing Theory

When a repeated presentation of a single stimulus produces an enduring change in behavior.

Non-Associative Learning

The process of learning the connection between two stimuli.

Associative Learning

A stimulus that produces a response without making connections first (such as the meat powder in Pavlov's experiment) .

Unconditioned Stimulus

A stimulus that is made to elicit the same response as the unconditioned stimulus (the ringing of the bell in Pavlov's experiment.)

Conditioned Stimulus

______ claimed that children are "pre-wired" to learn a language (The Language Acquisition Device)

Noam Chomsky

The first to develop a standardized intelligence test.

Alfred Binet

Part of a controversy as to which stimulus has more affect on a person's behavior. Our genetic code and heritage.

Nature

If you truly believe a movie is good, than you will ignore the bad /boring parts, and focus on the good parts to affirm your conclusion.

Confirmation Bias

Part of a controversy as to which stimulus has more affect on a person's behavior. The environmental effects on our development.

Nurture

Seeing a stimuli that had relevance to one's well being will generate arousal and emotions at the same time.

Cannon-Bard Theory

Seeing a stimuli that had relevance to one's well being will cause arousal, and THEN emotions

James-Lange Theory

The hypothesis that the activity of facial muscles tells us if we're happy or not.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

People whose levels of arousal are increased through exercise, or other means, will become more insulted and angry than others.

Excitation Transfer

The label of the arousal you are feeling (the person who aroused you, and how they did) decides the emotion.

Two-Factor Theory

Comparing people of different ages at the same point in time.

Cross-Section Study

The study of people people of all different ages.

Cross-Sequential Study

Part of the three stage personality model created by Freud. The part of our personality that controls our built-in needs

ID

Part of the three stage personality model created by Freud. The rational, realistic part of our personalities.

Ego

Part of the three stage personality model created by Freud. Our moral center. Allows us to get along with other people in society.

Superego

Stages in one's life that the body is centered on overcoming an obstacle (potty-training, teething...).

Psychosexual Stages

A person is ______ when they need to have everything perfect.

Anal Retentive

A person is ______ when they are messy and rebellious.

Anal Explusive

The self-realization of one's own body.

Phallic Stage

Accepting who you are, and adjusting your ideals to fit who you are.

Self-Actualization

How the environment and the person's individual character react to influence their consistency of behavior.

Reciprocal Determinism

Senselessly repeating other people's movements

Echolalia

Helping an individual recognize their individual conflicts.

Psychoanalysis

If you behave in a way that you normally wouldn't, and there are consequences, you make up an explanation for it.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Getting somebody to do a small favor, and then asking them for a LARGE favor.

Foot-In-The Door Technique

Asking somebody for a LARGE favor, and when they refuse, asking them for a MUCH smaller favor.

Door-in-the-face technique

When an unpleasant response becomes associated with what would normally be a pleasant activity.

Aversive Conditioning

Conducted an experiment in order to test conformity.

Solomon Asch

Conducted an experiment in order to test obedience.

Stanley Milgram

The theory that anger is always the product of frustration.

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

We feel obligated to help those who need our help.

Social Responsibility Norm

The belief that our goal in life is to maximize our rewards and minimize our costs.

Social Exchange Theory

We feel obligated to help those who have helped us.

Reciprocity Norm

The average correlation for every possible way of splitting the test in half.

Cronbach's Alpha

How widely scattered scores tend to be.

Standard Deviation

Construct Validity

How well a test measures what it was meant to measure.

Validity

People don't contact the police when they witness a crime, because that way the responsibility is diffused for all of the people who have witnessed it.

Bystander Effect

The scientific study of observable behavior

behaviorism

biopsychosocial perspective

A type of descriptive research that closely examines one individual or small group

case study

A type of extraneous variable that changes in sync with the independent variable making it difficult to discern which one is causing changes in the dependent variable

confounding variale

The participants in an experiment who are not exposed to the treatment variable this is the comparison group

control group

An association or relationship between two or more variables

correlation

The statistical measure that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables

correlation coefficient

A type of descriptive research examining the relationship among variables

correlational method

The process of weighing various pieces of evidence synthesizing them and evaluating and determining the contributions of each

critical thinking

debriefing

In an experimental design the characteristics or response that is measured to determine the effect of the researchers manipulation

dependent variable

Research methods that describe and explore behaviour although the findings cannot definitively state cause and effect relationship

descriptive research

Type of study and which neither the researchers who are administering the independent variable nor the participants know what type of treatment is being given

double-blind study

A controlled procedure that involves careful examination through the use of scientific observation and manipulation of variables

experiment

The members of an experiment who are exposed to the treatment variable on manipulation by the researcher represents the treatment group

experimental group

A type of research that manipulates a variable of interest to uncover cause and effect relationships

experimental method

Researchers expectations that influence the outcome of the study

experimenter bias

A variable in the environment or of the participants that could unintentionally influence the outcome of the studying

extraneous variable

An early school of psychology that focused on the function of thought processes, feelings, and behaviors and how they help us adapt to the environment

functionalism

An approach suggesting that human nature is by and large perspective and the human direction is towards growth

humanistic psychology

A statement that can be used to test predictions

hypothesis

In an experimental design the variable manipulated by the researcher to determine its effect on the independent variable

independent variable

Acknowledgement of study participants that they understand what their participation will entail

informed consent

A committee that reviews research proposals to protect the rights and welfare of all participants

institutional review board

The examination of one's own conscious activities

introspection

The process through which inherited traits is given a population either increase in frequency because they are adaptive or decrease in frequency because they are maladaptive

natural selection

A type of descriptive research that studies participants in their natural environment through systematic observation

naturalistic ovservation

Errors introduced into the recording of observations due to the researchers value system implications or attitudes

observer bias

The precise manner in which a variable of interest is defined and measured

operational definition

An inert substance given to members of the control group the fake treatment that has no benefit but is administered as if it does

placebo

All members of an identified group about which a researcher is interested in

population

An approach that focuses on the positive aspects of human beings seeking to understand their strengths and uncover the roots of happiness creativity humor and so on

positive psychology

An approach to explaining and predicting behavior in events that appear to be psychology, but has no empirical or objective evidence to support it

pseudopsychology

Scientists who study behavior and mental processes

psychologists

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

psychology

This process of appointing participants in a research study to the experimental or control groups ensuring that every person has an equal chance of being assigned to either

random assignment

A subset of the population chosen through a process that ensures all members of the population has an equally likely chance of being selected to participate in the study

random sample

To repeat an experiment generally with a new sample and or other changes to the procedures the goal of which is to provide further support for these findings of the first study

replicate

A subgroup of a population selected so that its members have characteristics that closely reflect those of the population of interest

representative sample

A subset of a population chosen for inclusion in an experiment

sample

The process scientists use to conduct research which includes a continuing cycle of exploration critical thinking and systematic observation

scientific method

An early school of psychology that used introspection to determine the structure and most basic elements of the mind

structuralism

A type of descriptive research that uses questionnaires or interviews to gather data

survey method

Synthesizes observations in order to explain phenomena and God predictions to be tested through research

theory

The an accounting for characteristic of participants or environment that explains changes in the variable of interest

third variable

Measurable characteristics that can vary over time or across people

variables

behavior, mental processes

psychology is the study of ________ and ________

theory

a ________ synthesizes observations to try to explain phenomena and we can use it to help make predictions

variables

psychology studies focus on __________ which are characteristics that vary or change over time or across people

descriptive research

__________ is primarily useful for studying new or unexplored topics.

positive correlation

the longer a miner has worked for a mining company the more money he makes. this is and example of a _____________

cause and effect relationship

the experimental method can provide findings on the ________ of variables

_________ is the process through which research participants acknowledge their understanding of their role in a study

humanistic psychology

_______ suggest that human nature is by and large positive

critical thinking

psychology is driven by ________ but pseudopsychology is not

the scientific method

the goal of ________ is to provide empirical evidence or data based on systematic observation or emperimentation

inferential statistics

___________ allows us to make inferences and determine the probability of certain events occurring

an equally likely chance of being picked to participate

one way to pick a random sample is to make sure every member of the population has

relationships among variables

descriptive research is invaluable to psychologists at the beginning stages of a study, some forms of descriptive research can provide information on

case study

a researcher interested in learning more about the effect of isolation might choose the Chilean miners as a(n) __________ which is a type of descriptive research invaluable for studying rare events

independent, dependent

the _____ variable is what the researcher manipulates, and the ______ variable is the response the researcher measures

double-blinded

with a ______ study neither the researchers nor the participants know who is getting the treatment or who is getting the placebo

experimental group

the members of the _____ include those participants who receive the real treatment as opposed to a plocebo

mental events

old study of psychology

based on systematic observation

modern psychology

study basic processes to understand human behavior

physiologists use animals to

american psychologists, psychology is the science of mental life so study thinking, memory, perception

william james

describe, explain, predict, control behavior

scientific psychology

specific and concrete

descriptions of behavior should be

tested to find the right "one"

many possible explanations of behavior must be

eliminating sugar should control it

if sugar causes children to act out then

cause A leads to behavior B

elimination

eliminate cause A predict it will control behavior B

to test explinations

5 great thinkers and ideas

clasical school of psychology

first psychological laboratory in Leipzig founded first school of structuralism

wundt

academics formed different schools

modern psychology started when

elemental sensations that combine to form human consciousness

wundt studied

basic sensations which make us see the picture

structuralist study

hue or color, brightness, saturation

wundt 3 basic visual sensations

find relationship of each group of sensations, find relationship producing each complex exeperience

wundt goal

founding psychology, first scientific psychology

wundt is credited for

fascinated by wundt's work, first american lab, 1st textbook, famous family- brother novelist henry james

william james- harvard university

study how mind works, focused on thinking, memory, and attention *not structure

james functionalism

evolution, survival of the fittest

darwin

focuses on simple sensations was wrons, melody isnt just a bunch of notes, melody is the pattern itself not individual notes

max wertheimer- germany

school for psychology (1910)

gestalt

transposed to another

a melody in 1 key can be

pattern or "organized whole" the whole is more than the sum of its parts

gestalt means

still objects can appear to move enough separate arrows and movement is smooth

wertheimer

raw sensations

you cant explain whats seen by

started behaviorism, first president- american psychology association in 1915

john b watson- american

consciousness is not important

radical behaviorism

more than any other school

behaviorism influenced american psychology

B.F. Skinner

most famous behaviorist

sugmund freud, patients reported symptoms but were not biologically ill

fifth school

patient believes they are ill but symptoms are imaginary

hysteria, somatoform disorder

emotional problems epressed as physical symptoms

somatoform disorder

represented bad childhood memories sexual and agressive urges

unconscious

motivated forgetting unconsciously doesnt work if you know you are doing it

repression

make unconscious conscious

psycho analysis is also a therapy

scientific psychology's 2nd goal is to explain, approaches are the major ways to explain behaviors

approaches

genes, endocrine system, brain and nervous system determine behavior

biological approaches

favor the biological approach

psychiatrists and physiologists

behaviors are learned through observation and reinforcement

learning approach

unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses conflict with morals

psychonanalytic or psychodynamic approach

focus on understanding troubled people

psychodynamic

understand the present through teh past to understand the adult study the child

psychoanalysis

thought causes behavior and emotions

cognitive approach

some behavior is uniquely human, isnt due to environment at all

humanistic approach

free will and responsibility

humanism emphasizes

much behavior is due to society and culture

sociocultural approach

eclectic

most psychologists are

clinical/counseling, developmental, personality, experimental, cognitive, physiological, and industrial

fields of psychology

specialize in psychotherapy and psychological testing

Clinical/counseling

medical doctors they have PhD's, PsyD's or EdD's

Clinicians are NOT

clinical psychologists

Not all therapists are

troubled people improve their mental health

Psychotherapy helps

mostly paper and pencil intelligence and personality tests

Psychology testing

a person's tendency to act the same way in different circumstances or environments, often described in traits

Personality

most used

MMPI

study maturation and learning in children and adults not a psychologists who treats children

Developmental psychology

counseling psychologists- provide advice and guidance, usually work in a school, usually help with adjustment problems, not the mentally ill

Clinical psychology

American Psychology Association

APA

therapy

psychology is often associated with

divisions with many subdiciplines

APA has 50+

Association for Psychological Sciences

ASP

Basic research, applied research

Psychologist study two major types of research

often occurs in university laboratories, focuses on collecting data to support or refute theories

basic research

gather knowledge for sake of knowledge

goal of basic research

exploration of human sensory abilities, trauma and memory

examples of basic research

Focuses on changing the Haviar's and outcomes, often leading to real world applications

Applied research

Sensory issues and autism, natural disaster response planning , as well as keyboard layout and improved typing performance

Applied research has generateed behavioral interventions for children with

Psychology is simply common sense

Common misconception

"I knew it all along", constantly seeking to explain events, come up with plausible explanations

Hindsight bias

Based on casual observation

Common sense

Meticulous and methodical observation and data analysis

Psychology is based on

A systematic approach to gathering knowledge through careful observation and experimentation

Science

Science requires

The collective body of miss information about human nature

Psycho mythology

Describe, explain, predict and control behavior

Four main goals of psychology

Report what is observed, goal 1

Describe

Organize and understand observations of behavior, goal 2

Explain

Do you observed behavior patterns, make predictions about what will happen in the future, goal three

Predict

Use research findings to shape, modify and control behavior

Control

How we apply the findings of psychological research to shape and change behaviors in a beneficial way

"Control behavior"

Humans are born with some degree of innate knowledge

Plato believed that truth and knowledge exist in this so before birth meaning

The contribution of nature in the human capacity for cognition

Plato raised an important issue

Believe that we know reality through our perception which we learn through our sensory experiences, and approach now commonly referred to as empiricism

Aristotle - student of Plato

Laying the foundation for the approach to answering questions, including those pertaining to psychological concepts such as emotion, sensation, and perception

Aristotle has been credited with

The world through observation

Knowledge is a result of our experiences, Aristotle pave the way for scientist to study

Plato's belief that it is in born, the result of nature

The notion that experience or nurture plays a role in how we acquire knowledge contradicts

Nature versus nurture

Aristotle provided the opposing position

Central theme for psychology

Nature and nurture

Studies of heredity and environmental factors

Nature and nurture both play important roles, and current research explores the contributions of each through

"I think, therefore I am", believed that most everything else was uncertain, including what he saw with his own eyes

And the mind has no physical substance

Descartes propose that the body is like a tangible machine

Two separate entities, a view known as dualism

The body and mind interact as

Thoughts, emotions, and other topics believed to be beyond the scope of study

Descartes work allowed for more scientific approach to examining

Realized he could "solve" The mind - body conundrum, by studying the physical ability to sense stimuli

Gustav t fechner- german psychiatrist

Founders of psychological psychology, made the groundwork for research on sensation and perception

Fechner is considered one of the

1879

No psychologist until

Meticulous accounts of his physiological experiments and methods providing details of this new study area

Wundt created an edited the first psychological journal and publish numerous books, including

Method used to examine one's own conscious activities

Introspection

Meaning free of opinions, beliefs, expectations and values

Objective

Effortful reflection on the sensations, feelings, and images experienced in response to a stimulus followed by reports that were objective

For wundt introspection involved

Complete 10,000 "introspective observations" prior to data collection

Wundt required all participants to

Student of wundt, develop structuralism at Cornell University

Edward titchener

Detailed reports of their subjective experiences

Titcheners patients provided

Conducted through observation and measurement

Titchner demonstrated that psychology studies could be

Offered first psychology class in the US at Harvard University and was granted $300 for laboratory and classroom demonstration equipment

William james

Charles Darwin

James was inspired by

It does serve a function, and it is important to study the purpose of thought processes, feelings, and behaviors

James believe because consciousness is an ever-changing "stream" of thoughts,

Educational psychology, studies of the motion, and comparative studies of animal behavior

Functionalism has continued to influence the practice of psychology as influenced by

Student of James, completed all the requirements for a PhD at Harvard like it was an all male college so she was denied

Mary w calkins

The first woman president of the American psychological Association

Calkins established her own laboratory at Wellesley College eventually becoming

Titcheners student, first female to learn PhD in psychology at Cornell

Margaret f washburn

First black woman to be awarded PhD in psychology from Columbia University

Mamie P Clark

Prejudice and discrimination on child development

Mamie and her husband bencrofts work examined the impact of

A child's self-esteem

Mamie explored how race recognition impacks

The northside Center for Child development in upper Manhattan

Mamie Clark became executive director of

Are women

3/4 of students earning master degrees and PhD in psychology

Focused much of his attention on the "abnormal" aspects

Sigmund freud

Occurs for the most part unconsciously or outside of awareness

Freud Believe behavior and personality are influenced by the conflict between one's inner desires and expectations of society a class that

Many of psychology subfields

This cycle analyst big perspective is used in

Studied canine digestion

Ivan pavalov

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

classical conditioning

established behaviorism, building on Pavalov's conditioning experiments

john b watson

Studied the relationship between behaviors and their consequences

B.F. Skinner

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

operant conditioning

founded humanistic psychology

carl rogers and abrahm maslow-

are naturally inclined to grow and change for the better

the humanistic perspective suggests that human nature is essentially positive and that perople

reactions to what came before

new developments are often

examines mental processes that direct behavior, focusing on concepts such as thinking, memory and language

cognitive psychology

explores physiological exxplanations for mental processes, searching for connections between behavior and human nervous system especially the brain

cognitive neuroscience

behaviors and mental processes are shaped by forces of evolution

evolutionary perspective

theory of evolution, principals of natural selection

charles darwin

knowledge about underlying physiology to explain behavior and mental processes

biological perspective

social culture perspective

lev vygotsky

the presumed universal nature of no all races being the same

cross- culture research began to uncover differences that called into question

these factors are highly interactive

biopsychosocial perspective suggest that

the way they interact

its not just convergence of factors that matters but

an integrated approach to explain its origins

human behavior is complex and requires

picture in our minds what we seek to understand

sometimes it is necessary to create a model to help clarify a complex set of observations, as a model frequently allows us to

a master healer

numerologists consider the number 33

uses a chart of the heavens called a horoscope to predict everything from the weather to romantic relationships

astrology

astronomy and astrology

nearly half of college science majors could not tell the difference between

tendency to make assertions so broad and vague that they cannot be refuted

a tell tail feature of a pseudopsychology is its

to explain the pseudophychologies

critical thinking is absent from the pseudo theories used

making a decision on the validity of material

critical thinking requires one to consider the source of information and the quality of evidence before

thinking beyond definitions, focusing on underlying concepts and applications, and being open-minded and skeptical at the same time

critical thinking processes

by critical thinking

psychology is driven

data from systemattic observation or experiments

emperical evidence

must be objective

in the scientific method an observation

differ from one person to the next based on beliefs or opinions

observations that are truly objective do not

may take teh place of a formal hypothesis

hypotheses are difficult to generate for studies on new and unexplored topics, a general prediction

often rests on a sturdy foundation of scientific evidence

theory is a well-established body of principals that

which could arise from recording problems or biases from different environmental factors

gathering data must be don in a very controlled fashion to ensure there are errors

descriptive, inferential

two basic types of statistical analyses

goes beyond simply describing the data sheet, it is possible to make inferences and determine the probability of events occurring in the future

inferential statistics

notoriously meticulous, helps provide us with more certainty that findings from research can be trusted, but it isnt foolproof.

peer review processes

Psychology Flashcards ionicons-v5-c