Social Psychology, Social Psychology Flashcards

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

attribution theory

suggests how we explain someone's behaviorâby crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

attitude

feelings often based on our beliefs, which predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

cognitive dissonance theory

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent..

conformity

adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

group polarization

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.

groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

prejudice

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

stereotype

a generalized belief about a group of people.

ingroup

"us"âpeople with whom one shares a common identity.

outgroup

"them"âthose perceived as different or apart from one's ingroup.

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

Muzafer Sherif

a founder of social psychology, studied social norms, conducted Robber's Cave experiment

Central Route To Persuasion

Occurs when interested people focus on arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.

Peripheral Route To Persuasion

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.

ROLE

A set of explanations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

Diffusion of Responsibility

a social phenomenon which tends to occur in groups of people above a cbertain critical size when responsibility is not explicitly assigned.

Mirror-image Perceptions

refer to the reciprocal views of one another often held by parties in conflict; for example, each may view itself as moral and peace-loving and the other as evil and aggressive.

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, by the very terms of the prophecy itself, due to positive feedback between belief and behavior.

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Attribution Theory

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.

Fundamental Attribution Error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

Attitude

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

Central Route Persuasion

attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.

Peripheral Route Persuasion

attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.

Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

Role

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting discomfort by changing our attitudes.

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

Group Polarization

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.

Groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Norm

an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. They prescribe "proper" behavior.

Prejudice

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. It generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

Stereotype

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

Discrimination

(Social) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.

Ingroup

"Us"âpeople with whom we share a common identity.

Outgroup

"Them"âthose perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.

Ingroup Bias

the tendency to favor our own group.

Bystander Effect

a person is less likely to offer help to another person when there are more people around who can also provide assistance.

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

Reciprocity Norm

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

Self Fulfilling Prophecy

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

Superordinate Goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

Solomon Asch

Polish social psychologist who studied conformity. His "Asch Experiment" has been repeated several times with similar results, demonstrating the powerful effects of conformity on groups.

Leon Festinger

American social psychologist known for his work in the proximity effect, cognitive dissonance and social comparison theory.

Stanley Milgram

American social psychologist who conducted a controversial experiment on obedience, as he was interested in the obedience of Nazi soldiers during WWII and if their behaviors could be repeated with American citizens.

Philip Zimbardo

American social scientist most famous for his study, the Stanford Prison Experiment, which studied the psychological effects of being a prisoner or prison guard, which included role playing, obedience, conformity, groupthink, etc.

GRIT

passion and perseverance toward a long-term goal

Robert Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

The 3 components of love are passion, commitment, and intimacy

Dispositional attribute

the explanation of one's behavior is due to internal characteristics

Situational attribute

the explanation of one's behavior is due to external factors

Compliance

changing one's behavior due to the request or direction of another person

Door-in-the-face phenomenon

persuading someone to comply by making a large request that the person will likely turn down, so that the person will agree to a much smaller request

Jane Elliot's "Brown-eyed Blue-eyed study"

demonstrated the effects of racism in the classroom

Lowball technique

style of persuasion that offers products/services at a reduced price, but then additional expenses are added to raise the price

Self-serving bias

tendency to attribute positive outcomes to personal factors and negative outcomes to situational factors

Ethnocentrism

belief that your society, culture or group is superior to all others

Lucifer effect

point in which ordinary people cross the boundary between good and evil and engage in evil actions

Broken window theory

method of crime prevention by aesthetically maintaining crime-ridden neighborhoods and responding to "minor" crimes

Principle of proximity

tendency for people to form relationships with people who are physically closer to them

Similarity principle

tendency to be attracted to others that are similar to themselves

Reward theory on attraction

we like those who we associate with rewarding events

Cocktail party effect

your ability to focus your hearing on one specific thing even though you are surrounded by noise

Halo effect

occurs when a general impression of someone influences perception of their character

Self-disclosure

sharing private and intimate secrets about yourself with someone

contact hypothesis

which predicts that social contact between members of different groups is extremely important to overcoming prejudice.

duel-process models

models of behavior that account for both implicit and explicit processes.

implicit processes

comprise our unconscious thought; they are intuitive, automatic, effortless very fast and operate largely outside of our intentional control.

explicit processes

which correspond roughly to conscious thought and deliberative effortless relatively slow and generally under our intentional control.

implicit associations test (IAT)

measures of fast people can respond to images or words flashed on a computer screen.

minimal group paradigm

examined how easily people will form social categories. us vs them even using criteria that is meaningless.

Thin slices of behavior

Very small samples of a persons behaviour.

Person perception

The processes by which individuals categorize and form judgements about other people

Naive realism

the tendency to assume that the way we see things is the way they are.

Mimicry

Taking on for ourselves the behaviors, emotional displays, and facial expressions of others. following the heard.

chameleon effect

people mimic others non consciously, automatically copying others behaviors even without realizing it. chartrand and bargh.

Pluralistic ignorance

This occurs when there is a disjunction between the private beliefs of individuals and the public behaviour they display to others.

Identifiable victim effect

describes how people are more powerfully moved to action by the story of a single suffering person than by information about a whole group of people.

analytic system

operates more at the explicit level of consciousness is slower and more methodical and uses logic and discursive (reasoning using language) thinking to try and understand reality.

Experiential system

operates more implicitly quickely and intuitively and is predominantly emotional.

construal level theory

which describes how information affects us differently depending on our psychological distance from the information.

elaborate likelihood model

it occurs when people pay close attention to the content of a message evaluate the evidence presented, and examine the logic of the arguments. (a compelling argument is easier to believe)

attitude inoculation

a strategy for strengthening attitudes and making them more resistant to change by first exposing people to a weak counter argument and then refuting the argument.

Processing theory

which is the ease with which information is processed.

Social Psychology, Social Psychology Flashcards ionicons-v5-c

Social Psychology, Social Psychology Flashcards