Teas Flashcards
1. Identify problem2. Ask questions3. Develop hypothesis4. Collect data/experiment on data5. Analyze results
What are the 5 steps of the scientific method?
Quantitative and qualitative
What are the two types of measurement important in science?
Subtract mass from atomic number
How do you find an element's number of neutrons?
Atomic number
How do you find an element's number of protons?
Mitral valve
Once blood has been oxygenated, it travels through the pulmonary veins, through the left atrium, and then through the _____ before entering the left ventricle.
Antigen
What is the name for any substance that stimulates the production of antibodies?
Smooth
In which of the muscle types are the filaments arranged in a disorderly manner?
Protein
In the development of genetic traits, one gene must match to one _____ for the traits to develop correctly.
Spine
Which of the following can be found in the dorsal cavity of the body?
Crystalline order
Which of the following best describes the careful ordering of molecules within solids that have a fixed shape?
Anterior
Which of the following best describes the location of the trachea in relation to the esophagus?
Sesamoid bones
What kind of bone type is embedded in tendons?
Glucose(CO2, water, and ATP are)
Which of the following is NOT a product of respiration?
Pulmonary artery
Of the following, the blood vessel containing the LEAST-oxygenated blood is:AortaVena CavaPulmonary arteryCapillaries
Myocardium
Which layer of the heart contains striated muscle fibers for contraction of the heart?
Pulmonary vein
Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood back to the heart?
Both occur in humans, other animals, and plants
How is meiosis similar to mitosis?
Plasma cells
Which type of cell secretes antibodies?
The respiratory system
The esophagus is part of what system?
Vein, artery, nerve.
Beneath each rib, what structures are there and in what order?
FILTERS microorganisms and other foreign substances from the blood
What is the function of the spleen?
Interferon
What type of protein interferes with virus production?
Vein
Which of the following structures has the lowest blood pressure?ArteriesArterioleVenuleVein
Left ventricle
Which of the heart chambers is the most muscular?
Cerebrum
Which part of the brain interprets sensory information?
Cell differentiation in embryos
What is gastrulation?
Interphase
The cell prepares for division by replicating its genetic and cytoplasmic material. Can be further divided into G1, S, and G2
Prophase
The chromatin thickens into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate. Pairs of centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell and spindle fibers begin to form. The mitotic spindle, formed from cytoskeleton parts, moves chromosomes around within the cell.
Metaphase
The spindle moves to the center of the cell and chromosome pairs align along the center of the spindle membrane.
Anaphase
The pairs of chromosomes, called sisters, begin to pull apart and may bend. Grooves appear in the cell membrane.
Telophase
The spindle disintegrates, the nuclear membranes reform, and the chromosomes revert to chromatin.
Cytokinesis
The physical splitting of the cell.
Meiosis
(Meiosis/mitosis) encourages genetic diversity.
1. Nose2. Nasal cavity3. Mouth4. Pharynx5. Larynx
The upper respiratory system contains the:
1. Trachea2. Lungs3. Bronchial tree
The lower respiratory system contains the:
Pharynx; larynx
Throat = ?Voice box = ?
Blood capillaries
The walls of alveoli are only one cell thick, allowing for gas exchange with the ____ that surround them.
Pleural membrane
What reduces friction between surfaces when breathing?
Increase; acidosis
Hyperventilation can ____ blood pH during ____.
Decrease; alkalosis
Slowing breathing can ____ blood pH during ____.
Medulla oblongata.
Breathing is controlled by the ____.
Capillary beds
Where is the flow of blood slowest?
Lymph vascular (supplementary system)
What system cleans up excess fluids and proteins and returns them to the circulatory system?
5
An adult human has about ___ qt of blood
Atrioventricular valve
What separates the atria and ventricles?
True
T/F: The heart has its own circulatory system with its own coronary arteries.
Atrial
____ contraction FILLS the ventricles.
Ventricular
____ contraction EMPTIES the ventricles.
False. Heart is self-exciting
T/F: The heart requires external stimuli to control electric signals.
First diastole phase
During the ______, blood flows through the superior and inferior venae cavae. Blood flows PASSIVELY from atrium through open AV valve (tricuspid) into RIGHT ventricle.
Sinoatrial node. Signals carried by Purkinje fibers
What generates electrical signals in heart?
First systole phase
During the _____, the tricuspid valve closes, and the pulmonary semilunar valve opens. Blood is pumped out of the pulmonary arteries to the lungs.
Second diastole phase
Blood returning from the lungs fills the left atrium as part of the _____, where the SA node triggers the mitral valve to open which fills the left ventricle.
Second systole phase
During the _____, the mitral valve closes and the aortic semilunar valve opens. The left ventricle contracts, and blood is pumped out of the aorta to the rest of the body.
Carotid; subclavian; common iliac; renal
Blood exits the left ventricle into the aorta, which branches into the ___, ____, ____, and the ___ arteries.
Jugular; subclavian; common iliac; renal
Blood returns to the heart through the ___, ___, ___, and ____ veins, which empty into the superior and inferior venae cavae.
Gastrolienal
The ______ ligament connects the stomach to the spleen
Lienorenal
The _____ ligament connects the kidney to the spleen.
Smooth muscle
What kind of muscle moves food by peristalsis?
Liver
What is the largest solid organ in the body and the largest gland?
4; right, left, quadrate, and caudate
The liver is made up of ___ lobes. Name them
Diaphragm; falciform, coronary, right triangular, left triangular, and round
The liver is secured to the _____ by five ligaments. Name them
Hepatic portal vein
Nutrient-rich blood is supplied to the liver by the _____.
Hepatic artery
The _____ supplies oxygen-rich blood to the liver.
Hepatic veins
Blood leaves the liver through _____.
Digestive enzymes
The exocrine tissue of the pancreas secretes ____.
Hormones (such as insulin)
The endocrine tissue of the pancreas secretes ____.
Splenic, gastroduodenal, and superior mesenteric
Blood is supplied to the pancreas via the ___, ___, and ___ arteries.
Zymogens - produced by groups of exocrine cells called acini.
What are precursors of pancreatic enzymes called?
Sodium bicarbonate
The pancreas also secretes ____ to neutralize stomach acid.
Sensory, motor, and interneurons
What are the 3 general functional types of neurons?
The dendrites
What part of a neuron receives impulses from sensory receptors or interneurons and transmit them toward the cell body?
The soma (cell body)
What part of a neuron contains its nucleus?
The axon - insulated by oligodendrocytes and the myelin sheath.
What part of a neuron transmits the impulses away from the cell body?
Nodes of Ranvier
On the myelin sheath, the gaps are known as:
The synapse
Where does an axon terminate?
The brain and spinal cord
What are the 2 primary components of the CNS?
1. Medulla2. Cerebellum3. Pons
What 3 structures are included in the hindbrain?
Midbrain
What part of the brain integrates sensory signals and orchestrates the response to these signals?
1. Cerebrum2. Thalamus3. Hypothalamus
What 3 structures are included in the forebrain?
Cerebral cortex
Thin layer of gray matter covering the cerebrum
Frontal lobe
What lobe of the brain is responsible for short term and working memory and information processing as well as decision-making?
Parietal lobe
What lobe of the brain is responsible for sensory input as well as spatial positioning in the body?
Occipital lobe
What lobe of the brain is responsible for visual input, processing and output? (visual)
Temporal lobes
What lobes of the brain are responsible for all auditory input, processing, and output?
Cerebellum
What part of the brain plays a role in processing and storing of implicit memories? (classical conditioning)
1. Midbrain2. Pons3. Medulla
What are the 3 parts of the brain stem?
1. Tectum2. Tegmentum3. Ventral tegmentum
What are the 3 parts of the midbrain?
Medulla oblongata
Which part of the brain has an important role in the ANS?
Peripheral nervous system - nerves and ganglia, sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
What nervous system is responsible for "fight or flight"?
Hypothalamus
What controls the ANS?
The ANS
Where do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems belong?
SNS
What nervous system control s the five senses and voluntary (and involuntary) movement of skeletal muscle?
Motor - FROM the CNS
Efferent = ?
Sensory - TO the CNS
Afferent = ?
Voluntary and striated
Skeletal muscle is ____ and ____.
Involuntary and nonstriatedAre shorter and wider than skeletal.
Smooth muscle is ____ and ____.
Myofibrils (thick & thin); sarcomeres Thick = myosinThin = actin ("act thin")
With skeletal muscle, each muscle fiber contains a bundle of ____, which are composed for multiple repeating contractile units celled ____.
Calcium ions - bind to myosin and actin
When an action potential reaches a muscle fiber, what is released?
Spermatogenesis
FSH stimulates:
Testosterone production
LH stimulates:
Stratum basale
Which layer of cells lying under the epidermis is constantly undergoing division?
Subcutaneous or hypodermis
What layer is not actually a part of the skin?
Holocrine (exocrine)
What kind of glands are sebaceous glands?
Either eccrine or apocrineEccrine = not connected to hair follicles
What kind of glands are sweat glands?
Adrenal cortex
Monitors blood sugar level; helps in lipid and protein metabolism
Adrenal medulla
Controls cardiac function; raises blood sugar and controls the size of blood vessels
Thyroid gland
Helps regulate metabolism and functions in growth and development
Parathyroid
Regulates calcium levels in the blood.
Pancreas islets
Raises and lowers blood sugar; active in carbohydrate metabolism.
Thymus gland
Plays a role in immune responses
Pineal gland
Has an influence on daily biorhythms and sexual activity
Pituitary gland
Plays an important role in growth and development
1. Insulin-producing B-cells2. Glucagon-producing a-cells
What kind of cells make up the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas?
1. Thyroxine (increase metabolism)2. Triiodothyronine (increase metabolism)3. Calcitonin (decrease metabolism)
What 3 hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland?
The hypothalamus
What directs the pituitary gland to release TSH?
Increases blood calcium by moving calcium from bone to blood
What is the role of the parathyroid hormone?
Glomerulus - that blood then moves to PCT
Where is blood filtered in the kidneys?
Distal convoluted tubule
Where are urea and drugs removed from the blood in the kidneys?
Synovial joint
What kind of joint is most common, free & movable?
Cartilaginous joint
What kind of joint fills the spaces between bones and restricts movement?
Fibrous joints
What kind of joint has no cavity and has fibrous tissue connecting bones?
C, T, and U
What are your pyrimidine bases?
A, G
What are your purine bases?
Mendel's first Law of Segregation
There are two alleles and half of the total number of alleles are contributed by each parent organism.
Mendel's second Law of Independent Assortment
Traits are passed on randomly and are not influenced by other traits.
Protons + neutrons
Atomic mass = ?
2; 8; 18; 32
How many electrons can the KLMN shells hold respectively?
Polar bond (i.e. water)
Covalent bond with a separation of charge
a^3 (a= length of one side)
How do you find the volume of a cube?
l x w x h
How do you find the volume of a rectangular prism?
D = m/v
How do you find density?
P = a + b + c
Perimeter of triangle:
P = a + b + c + d
Perimeter of trapezoid:
C = 2(pi)r
Circumference (perimeter) of circle:
A = (1/2) bh
Area of a triangle:
A = s^2
Area of a square:
A = lw
Area of a rectangle:
A = bh
Area of a parallellogram:
A = (1/2)h (b1 + b2)
Area of a trapezoid:
A = (pi)r^2
Area of a circle:
A = 4(pi)r^2
Surface area of a sphere:
V = (4/3)(pi)r^3
Volume of a sphere:
V = s^3
Volume of a cube:
SA = 6s^2
Surface area of a cube:
SA = 2lw + 2hl + 2wh
Surface area of rectangular prism:
SA = 2(pi)r^2 + 2(pi)rh
Surface area of a cylinder:
V = (pi)r^2h
Volume of a cylinder: