Vce Health And Human Development Flashcards

behavioural determinants

actions or patterns of living of an individual or a group that impact on health

name three behavioural determinants

tobacco usedietary choiceslevels of physical activity

bilateral aid

aid given from one country to another with consultation to ensure that the aid meets the needs of the targeted population

example of bilateral aid

Australia giving money to Indonesia to build schools

biological determinants

factors relating to the structure of cells, tissues and systems of the body and how adequately they function

name three biological determinants

geneticsbody weightcholesterol levels

biomedical model of health

a medical model of care practiced by doctors and health professionals; focuses on the diagnosis, treatment and cure of illness or disease once symptoms appear

strengths of the biomedical model of health (4)

advances in technology and researcheffective treatmentextends life expectancyimproves quality of life

limitations of the biomedical model of health (4)

costly, due to reliance on professional health workers and technologydoesn't always promote good healthnot every condition can be treatednot always affordable

a measure of the impact of disease and injuries on individuals or populations; specifically it measure the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability; measured in a unit called DALY

determinants of health (def)

factors that raise or lower a level of health in a population or individual; help to explain or predict trends in health and differences in health

determinants of health (4)

biologicalphysical environmentsocialbehavioural

disability adjusted life year (DALY)

a measure of burden of disease; one DALY equals one year of life lost due to premature death (YLL) and time lived with illness, disease or injury (YLD)

emergency aid

rapid assistance given to people or countries in immediate distress to relieve suffering during and after man-made or natural emergencies or disasters

example of emergency aid

warehouse of emergency supplies in Brisbane that are ready to be flown out in the event of a crisis

food security

adequate access to affordable, nutritious, culturally appropriate and safe food regularly through non-emergency sources

global health

the health of populations in a world wide context that goes beyond the needs of individual countries; it is about an international collaborative approach to achieving equality in health for all people worldwide

health

'a complete state of physical, social and mental wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity' (WHO, 1946)

health adjusted life expectancy (HALE)

a measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth, but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health; it is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rates of ill health and mortality

health status

an individual's or a population's overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors

human development

creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests; it is about expanding people's choices and enhancing capabilities, having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives

human development index

a tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries' levels of social and economic developmentsingle statistic based on four indicators:life expectancy at birthmean years of schooling (for those over 25)mean expected years of schooling (for children of school entrance age)gross national income (GNI) per capitaand three dimensions:healtheducationliving standards

life expectancy

an indication of how long a person can expect to live; it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change

mental dimension of health

state of wellbeing in which the individual realises his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community

limitations of the human development index (HDI)

...

limitations of the WHO mortality strata

- doesn't take female mortality rates, a vulnerable population, into account- doesn't measure human development, only mortality rates- broad strata- lacks detail

name three aspects of the mental dimension of health

self-esteemthought patternsstress levels

morbidity

refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group

WHO mortality strata

classifies countries in one of five mortality strata based on the mortality rates of children (0-5) and adult males (19-59)

multilateral aid

combined donations from a number of countries is distributed as aid by an international organisation (World Bank, United Nations, World Health Organisation)

example of multilateral aid

World Bank running a immunisation program in Zambia

NGO aid

aid given by organisations that are independent to the government; often focused on long-term, community based projects that fill the gaps in bilateral and multilateral aid

Ottawa Charter definition of health promotion

'the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health' (WHO, 1998)

Ottawa Charter strategies for health promotion

advocateenablemediate

physical dimension of health

relates to the efficient functioning of the body and it's systems, and includes the physical capacity to perform tasks and physical fitness

name three aspects of the physical dimension of health

body weightenergy levelsimmune system

physical environment determinants

the physical surroundings in which we live, work and play, including natural and man made infrastructure

name three physical environment determinants

air qualityclimate/climate changehousing

prevalence

the number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time

aspects of society and the social environment that impact on health

socioeconomic status (SES)occupation/unemploymentsocial exclusion

being able to interact with others and participate in the community in both an independent and cooperative way

friendsfamilyproductive relationships

an approach to healthcare that attempts to address the broader influences on health (cultural, environmental, social and economic) rather than the disease or injury itself

addresses the broader determinants of healthinvolves intersectoral collaborationacts to reduces social inequitiesacts to enable access to healthcareempowers individuals and communities

sustainability (def)

'...meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.' (UN, 1987)

types of sustainability (3)

environmentaleconomicsocial

U5MR

under five mortality rate: the number of deaths of children under 5 years of age per 1000 live births

values that underpin Australia's health system (7)

effectiveefficientresponsiveaccessiblesafecontinuoussustainable

build up of plaque on the walls of the blood vessels

atherosclerosis

MDG 1 (name + purpose + why?)

eradicate extreme poverty and hungerpurpose:reduce the proportion of people living on less than US$1 a day; achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all (including women and young people); reduce the proportion of people suffering from hungerwhy?lack of income leads to lack of access to food, health care and education; poverty results in high morbidity and mortality rates from preventable causes; lack of income reduces the capacity for a country to develop its economy

MDG 2 (name + purpose + why?)

achieve universal primary educationpurpose:access to education for males and females; improve literacy and numeracy skills; promote the skills and knowledge necessary to engage in health promoting behaviourwhy?literacy = employment = income; understanding of health promotion

MDG 3 (name + purpose + why?)

promote gender equality and empower womenpurpose:raise the SES of women through education; greater decision making power for themselves, their communities and their countrieswhy?access to higher paid/safer employment; take better care of families; pass knowledge onto children

MDG 4 (name + purpose + why?)

reduce child mortalitypurpose: reduce U5MRwhy?preventable through existing, inexpensive means

MDG 5 (name + purpose + why?)

improve maternal healthpurpose:reduce the number of deaths of women that occur due to pregnancy and childbirth; increase access to reproductive serviceswhy?reducing risk of complications reduces MMR, enables women to continue in caregiving role, women are better able to take care of themselves and their children

MDG 6 (name + purpose + why?)

combat HIV/AIDs, malaria and other diseasespurpose:reduce the morbidity/mortality rates from HIV/AIDs, malaria and other diseaseswhy?HIV can be reduced through education and behaviour change; anti-retroviral drugs enable people to continue working; simple/cost-effective methods can reduce transmission of malaria

MDG 7 (name + purpose + why?)

ensure environmental sustainabilitypurpose:improve lives of slum dwellers; protect valuable natural resources; increase access to clean water/basic sanitationwhy?to not compromise the abilities of future generations to meet their own needs; clean water/sanitation reduces spread of malaria/diarrhoea; reduces slum dwellers risk of malnutrition, disease and injury/violence

MDG 8 (name + purpose + why?)

develop a global partnership for developmentpurpose:ensure trade agreements don't discriminate; provide aid through Official Development Assistance (ODA); reduce debt; access to essential drugs; access to new technologieswhy?develop economy; better meet the needs of population; allocate funds to health services and infrastructure; treatment of conditions; gain information from technology

optimal health

the best level of health that an individual can realistically achieve

health indicators

statistics that give information on the health status of groups and populations

mortality rate

the proportion of the population who die in a one year period, per 100,000

infant mortality rate

rate of deaths of infants between birth and their first birthday, per 1000 live births

maternal mortality rate

rate of deaths of pregnant women or who die within the first 42 days after giving birth/having a termination, per 100,000 live births

incidence

the number of NEW cases of a disease during a specified period of time

protective factors

determinants that reduce the risks of lifestyle related conditions or are otherwise beneficial to health

risk factors

determinants that increase the risks of lifestyle related conditions or are otherwise harmful to health

SES

socioeconomic status, based on occupation, income and education

variations in health status in Australia

malesIndigenous Australiansrural and remote populationspeople of low SES backgrounds

males (stats)

more likely to die at every lifespan stage, life expectancy 5 years less

Indigenous Australians (stats)

life expectancy 11 years less, twice the infant mortality

Syndrome X

collection of disease that gives an increase of six times the average rate of premature death; includes heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, renal (kidney) failure

people of low SES backgrounds (stats)

lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality

rural and remote populations (stats)

lower life expectancy, higher mortality rates

why are NHPAs selected?

they contribute significantly to the burden of diseasethe conditions are preventablepotential to reduce health inequalities between population groupspotential for a range of strategies to be implemented

direct costs to the community (3)

implementing health promotion programsMedicarethe Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme

direct costs to the individual (5)

ambulance transportdiagnostic tests not covered by Medicaredoctor and specialist feessurgery or hospital feespharmaceuticals

indirect costs to the community (3)

lost productivitylost taxation revenuesocial security payments

indirect costs to the individual (3)

transport costsloss of incomeneed for home help

intangible costs to the community (3)

loss of community participationemotional toll on family/friends

intangible costs to the individual (4)

loss of social participationloss of self-esteempain and sufferingstress

obesity (def + program)

carrying excess body weight in the form of fat, BMI over 30The Shape Up Australia Campaign (Federal Government); puts Shape Up logo on credible products, website offers resources

cardiovascular health

health of the heart and blood vessels, cardiovascular disease (hypertension, coronary heart disease)The Heart Foundation Tick (The Heart Foundation); organisations who fit certain health criteria and pay a fee display the logo, enables consumers to select healthier food choices within categories

asthma

airways become inflamed and narrow, inhibiting breathing, when contact is made with a trigger (pollen, exercise, dust)The Sensitive Choice Program (National Asthma Council Australia); low allergen products display a blue butterfly logo for a fee

injury prevention and control

the adverse effects on the body caused by a range of events, accidental (drowning/sporting/workplace) or intentional (attempted suicide/violence)The National Road Safety Strategy 2011-2020 (The Australian Transport Council); aims to cut road tolls by at least 30% by 2020 by achieving four key objectives: safe roads, safe speeds, safe vehicles and safe people

cancer control

a general term for a number of difference conditions characterised by the uncontrolled mutation and growth of cells threatening to damage the other areas of the body, types focused on include: prostate cancer, breast cancer in females, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, non-melanoma, cancer of the cervix and non-Hodgkin's lymphomaSunsmart (Cancer Council Victoria and VicHealth); promotes awareness of the dangers of UV radiation through prevention campaigns such as Slip, Slop, Slap, Seek and Slide, advocates for policy change and uses evidence to back up claims

diabetes mellitus

chronic condition that causes blood glucose to be unable to be utilised correctly by the body, types include type 1, type 2 and gestational, can lead to blindness and kidney failureLife! Taking Action on Diabetes (Victorian State Government); aims to prevent or aid in the early diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in Victorians over 50 and Aboriginals/Torres Strait Islanders, runs media campaigns, a website and a $50 eight month lifestyle change course for those at high risk

mental health

state of wellbeing in which the individual realises his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community; most common mental illnesses are anxiety and depressionYouthbeyondblue; encourages people to seek help and reduces stigma through work with schools, workplaces and community groups, promotes key messages: LOOK for the signs and symptoms, LISTEN to your friends experiences, TALK about what's going on and SEEK HELP together

dementia

used to describe over 100 conditions that are characterised by progressive and irreversible loss of brain function (language, personality, attention), types include: Alzheimer's, vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies and fronto temporal dementiaYour Brain Matters (Alzheimer's Australia); offers information about preventable risk factors (Brain/Body/Heart), BrainyApp allows people to assess their current risk levels and take steps to reduce that risk

arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

used to describe over 100 conditions including osteoarthritis, back problems and osteoporosisBone Health For Life (Jean Hailes for Women's Health); offers information and a quiz on treatment/diagnosis/prevention of osteoporosis, GPs can access information and activities about bone health promotion

macronutrients

required in large amountsproteinfatscarbohydrates (including fibre)

micronutrients

required in small amountsvitaminsminerals

LDL

low density lipoproteins, bad cholesterol

HDL

high density lipoproteins, good cholesterol

carbohydrates (function + 2 food sources)

converted into glucose to provide fuel for energypotatoesbread

fibre (function + 2 food sources)

regulates the functioning of the digestive systembran flake cerealfruit

protein (function + 2 food sources)

growth, maintenance and repair of body cells, fuel for energyeggsbeef

water (function + 2 food sources)

many functions within the body e.g. temperature regulationwaterfruit

calcium (function + 2 food sources)

stored in the bones, blood, muscles and intracellular fluid, aids in achieving peak bone massmilksalmon

phosphorus (function + 2 food sources)

works with calcium to ossify bonesmilkeggs

sodium (function + 2 food sources)

regulates fluids (water/blood) in the bodytable saltolives

vitamin D (function + 2 food sources)

required for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestine into the bloodstreamsunfishbeef liver

monounsaturated (function + 2 food sources)

healthierlowers LDLincreases HDLdecreases risk of type 2 diabetesolive oilavocado

polyunsaturated

healthierlowers LDLincreases HDLreduces risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetesfishnuts/seeds

saturated

unhealthierincreases LDLincreases risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetesfatty cuts of meatfull cream dairy

trans

unhealthierincreases LDLreduces HDLincreases risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetespiesmargarine

Ottawa Charter prerequisites for health (8)

peacesheltereducationincomesocial justice and equitya stable ecosystemsustainable resourcesfood

Ottawa Charter action areas (5)

build healthy public policycreate supportive environmentsstrengthen community actiondevelop personal skillsreorient health services

VicHealth mission (5)

promote good health in partnership with othersrecognise that the social and economic conditions for all people influence their healthpromote fairness and opportunity for better healthsupport initiatives that assist individuals, communities, workplaces and broader society to improve wellbeingseek to prevent chronic conditions for all Victorians

VicHealth strategic priorities (5)

promote healthy eatingencourage regular physical activityprevent tobacco useprevent harm from alcoholimprove mental wellbeing

VicHealth role (6)

promote health by targeting the broader social, economic and environmental factorsgrants to community organisationsfunding of health promotion strategiesresearch relating to health promotionadvocating for policy changeevaluating the effectiveness of programs

federal government responsibilities (5)

MedicarePBSquarantinefundingregulation

state/territory government responsibilities (2)

delivery of health servicesregulatory responsibilities

local government responsibilities (5)

waste removalhealth inspectionsmaintaining parks/sporting groundsimmunisationmeals on wheels

private health insurance

a type of additional insurance under which members pay a premium (fee) in return for payment towards health-related costs not covered by Medicare

Medicare

Australia's universal healthcare scheme, gives all Australians, permanent residents and those from a country with a reciprocal agreement with Australia access to healthcare subsidised by the government

advantages of private health insurance (3)

choice of doctorsprivate hospitalsless waiting

disadvantages of private health insurance (2)

costlygaps are possible

name 3 healthcare services covered by Medicare

doctorssome specialistsx-rays

name 2 healthcare services not covered by Medicare

dental carehome nursing care

advantages of Medicare (3)

choice of doctors out of hospitalavailable to all Australianscovers essentials

disadvantages of Medicare (3)

no choice of doctors in hospitalwaiting timedoes not cover alternative therapy

how is Medicare funded? (3)

Medicare levyMedicare levy surchargegeneral taxation

The Australian Dietary Guidelines

outlines 5 guidelines for a healthy diet, recommends serving sizes, encourages breastfeeding and safe food use

The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating

food selection tool in the shape of a pie graph, larger slices of the pie going to foods that should be consumed the most, recommends drinking water and limiting discretionary foods

nutrition surveys

provide information on what the Australian population or specific populations are consuming by recording the diets of individuals over a 24 hour periodhelps with implementing appropriate strategies and comparison

The Healthy Living Pyramid

represents the three main food groups in a pyramid with larger sections going to the food groups that should be consumed the most, discourages salt and encourages water/exercise

NGOS that promote healthy eating

The Heart FoundationNutrition Australia

gender inequalityhigh birth rate

economic characteristics of developing countries (2)

poverty focus on primary production

environmental characteristics of developing countries (2)

food insecuritypoor housing

elements of sustainable programs

appropriateaffordableequitable

factors that influence HHD (7)

incomegender equalitypeace and political stabilityeducationaccess to healthcareglobal marketingphysical environment

UN areas of action (4)

promoting human rightspromoting world peace and securityproviding humanitarian assistancepromoting social and economic development

WHO priorities (6)

universal health coverageinternational health regulationsincreasing access to medical productssocial, economic and environmental determinantsnon-communicable diseaseshealth related MDGs

Australia's aid department

department of foreign affairs and trade (DFAT)

Australia's aid priorities (6)

humanitarian aidempowering women and girlseducationeffective governancehealth (including supporting the fight against HIV/AIDs, malaria and tuberculosis)economic development (including encouraging trade and private sector investment)

Australian NGOS (5)

World Vision AustraliaAustralian Red CrossTabitha FoundationCARE AustraliaOxfam Australia

program targeting literacy

We Bloom (CARE Australia); multilateral aid, targeted at poor young women in Koh Kong, Cambodia who attend a program that teaches literacy, numeracy and life skills (goal setting and confidence)

program targeting food security

Food For Work (World Vision); NGO aid, allows people in Laos to work on community infrastructure in return for 6.5kg of rice a day; has aided in the construction of bridges/roads and the expansion of rice paddies

program targeting HIV/AIDs

Far Away From Home Club (UNAIDS); multilateral aid, 10 peer educators (5 sex workers and 5 migrants) provide information about HIV/AIDs prevention and treatment/testing/counselling resources; targeted at migrants and mobile people in Vietnam

program targeting malaria

Home Management of Malaria in Zambia (WHO and UNICEF); multilateral aid, trains community members to diagnose and refer those people suffering from malaria; makes rapid diagnostic tests, pre-packaged malaria treatment and insecticide treated mosquito nets available in Zambia

program targeting immunisation

Immunisation Program in Myanmar (World Vision); ngo aid, World Vision centre set up in the town of Hlaingtharya to provide immunisations to children and health/nutrition information to mothers; rates of preventable diseases have decreased

program targeting water and sanitation

Water and Sanitation in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Australian Red Cross); ngo aid, people of Uvira educated and trained in maintenance and repairs of the 100 newly constructed wells with hand pumps; education about importance of hygiene and sanitation provided; community consulted on the placement of wells; water-management boards (community based, women encouraged to join) set up to manage wells

Vce Health And Human Development Flashcards ionicons-v5-c

Vce Health And Human Development Flashcards